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Behaviourism theory (Operant conditioning) (Operant Conditioning (If…
Behaviourism theory (Operant conditioning)
Definition of Behaviourism
We learn by
connecting
a particular
stimulus
to a particular
response
. Main proponent of this theory is
Skinner.
Comparison to
Cognitive Theory
(
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aUmF9RbeFWz0J8BoH-CXBRC3N3i51ye3dyPVikH-314/edit
)
Reinforcement and Punishment
How a coach can make a performer
repeat
correct performance.
Reinforcement tells a performer what to do.
Reinforcement
is
more useful
than
punishment
.
Magill (1989)- Reinforcement is any action or event that increases the probability of a response occurring again.
The main way to accomplish behaviourism is through
operant conditioning
.
Operant
means a
behaviour
,
conditioning
means
training
(training of behaviour).
When + how to use R and P
R
is
overused
it
loses its value.
R should only be used when observing correct behaviour.
R + P
most
closely follow behaviour
if it is to be
effective.
Punishment + reinforcement
only works if it has an important effect on the performer
or if the performer
perceives the effect to be important
. (If the coach is
not respected
the reinforcement will be of
no value
.
Punishment
Magill (1989)-
Punishment
is any
action
or
event
that
decreases the probability of a response occurring again
.
Punishment
can lead to
negative feelings
such as
anxiety
and
resistant behaviour
, also it can
lower motivation.
Punishment tells a performer what not to do.
Positive Reinforcement
If a performer
receives praise and rewards
they are
more likely to repeat the act in expectation of future rewards.
Praise and rewards
Operant Conditioning
If
desired response not achieved
coach can
modify learning environment
making the
situation easier for the learner to achieve
e.g. badminton--> make feed easier, target landing area bigger.
The learner, when
faced with a stimulus
, will have to
choose
from a
number of different responses
so initially learning takes place through
trial and error
(trying to link a correct response to a stimulus) e.g. opponent plays overhead clear to midcourt (S), after experimentation you find the best return is a smash (R).
Coach tries to
modify behaviour
of a performer by making them
connect a particular behaviour (response)
with a particular
trigger action (stimulus)
.
Operant conditioning
must include
positive and negative reinforcement
. (PR + NR)
A
stimulus
that is
connected
to a
response
is called creating an
S-R bond
(process of shaping behaviour)
. The learner makes a
decision based on the idea that a particular response will be rewarded
. The learner may
not know why
the
response is correct only that it will be rewarded.
Teacher needs to use
reinforcement
to
strengthen desired S-R bond
and
punishment
to
weaken an inappropriate S-R bond
.
Through
practice
and
constant reinforcement
the
S-R bond is strengthened
and a
habit is formed
.
Negative Reinforcement
A performer
wants to be rewarded
, if they are
not
they will
change their performance
in order to
increase
the chances of being
rewarded.
Coach can
scold incorrect performance
and
say nothing when performance is correct
. The performer will want to
avoid
being scolded and will try to achieve
correct performance
. E.g. Shine torch light in swimmers eyes if performance is incorrect, which annoyed them so would make them concentrate on performing correctly to avoid the light.
Removal of praise
when performance is
incorrect.