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gene delivery (In-vivo (Non-viral gene delivery methods (1- Physical…

- - - - Multiple rounds of gene therapy.
      - Stimulation of immune response.
      - Potential toxicity, inflammatory reprocesses and recovered ability to cause disease.
      - Genetic mutation.
  - - - Use physical force that permeates the cell membrane and facilitates intracellular gene transfer.
        
        1-Naked gene transfer by needle injection (Naked gene transfer)
        : Local injection
        
        Problems
        
        3- Sensitive to nucleases
        
        4- Physical barriers for intracellular delivery.
        
        2- Polyanionic.
        
        5- Limited to certain typesLocal injection of plasmid DNA into the muscle, liver, or skin, or airway instillation to the lungs, leads to low-level gene expression
        
        1-Hydrophilic and large.
        
        6- Large amount of genetic material .
        
        2-Gene Gun
        
        DNA is deposited on the surface of gold particles, which are then accelerated by pressurized gas and expelled onto cells or a tissue.
        
        3- Electroporation
        
        DNA moves along the electric field by application of electrodes
        
        Drawbacks
        
        1- Limited effective range of ~1 cm between the electrodes, which makes it difficult to transfect cells in a large area of tissues.
        
        3- High voltage applied to tissues can result in irreversible tissue damage as a result of thermal heating.
        
        2-A surgical procedure is required to place the electrodes deep into the internal organs.
        
        4-The high voltage applied to cells could affect the stability of genomic DNA is an additional safety concern
        
        4- Ultrasound facilitated gene transfer. (sono-poration)
        
        5-Hydrodynamic gene delivery
    - - • Liposomes, polymeric carriers, micelles and polyplexes carrying DNA or ASO