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Feudalism and the Middle Ages by Ava Sepulveda Period 7 (Crusades (TB…
Feudalism and the Middle Ages
by Ava Sepulveda
Period 7
Church and Crown (TB 306)
The Roman Catholic Church
Dominated people's lives
Strongest unifying force
Baptized, married, pardoned, & buried
Good people to Heaven
Wicked punished after death
Religious leaders form clergy
Pope/bishops/priests
Bishops - group of churhes
Priests - single church
Towering churches called cathedrals
Monasteries
Christians live in Monasteries
Withdrew from medieval society
Religious communities = Monasteries
Monks live in them
Monks pray and meditate
Monks read the bible
Ruler/clergy made monks work
They became learning center
Struggle for Power
1000s - Church power increased
Free land from nobles
King's returned to power
Growth of towns/trade
Kings' rise weakened feudalism
Struggle began in 1075
Struggle between kings/church
King Henry
Holy Roman Emperor = Henry IV
Ruled in central Europe
Empire dissolved in 1806
Appointed his own priests
Priests become bishops
Gregory shut Henry out
Pope Gregory VII
Forced Henry to quit
Pope got his way
Gregory lifted the ban
Regained full control
Control of religious appointments
Growth of Towns (TB 318-319)
After the Plague
Employers desperate for help
Increased wages - attracted workers
Peasants/serfs left manors
Applied for jobs
Manor system falls apart
After life on Manor
Towns held weekly markets
Local produce was sold
Town fairs
Brought in trade goods
A merchant class composed
Craftspeople/shoemakers/silversmiths
Join together forming guilds
Helped improve working conditions
Traders
Merchants/burghers
Elected for governing councils
The Middle Ages end
Growth of towns
Kings regain their authority
Prosperous trade
King taxes the town
King earned money
Pay for the army
Army bought peace/stability
Europe experienced many changes
Cultural
Economic
Political
People gained knowledge
Universities were founded
Manor System (TB 304)
Europe's Feudal Society
Rough accommodations of peasents
Brutal arrangements for serfs
Homes part of Manor
Lowest class - land/lord
Manor
System's basic unit
Walled-in, self-contained world
Located on Lord's land
A typical manor included
Manor house
Where the Lord lived
Where Lord's family lived
Fortified stone house
Tiled floors
Tapestries on the walls
Fine furnishings
Large dining room
Church
Center of life
Church officials conducted services
Cared for sick/needy
Educated priests instructed children
Children in the Bible
Peasants/serfs worked land
Village
Mill
Bakery
Forge - metal tools created
Lands with meadows
Forests
Pastures
Farms/ Farmlands
Divided into strips
One for the Lord
One for the church
Rest for peasants & serfs
Laborers farmed all lands
Paid the Lord's rent
Rent for their land
Fees - Manor, woods & meadows
Life on the Manor
Peasants/Serfs Lives = Hard
Average lifespan = 30 yrs.
If they survived infancy
1/6 children died
Adulthood for peasants/serfs
Hard physical labor
Diet = bread, cheese, & vegetables
Got some time off
On Sundays
On Religious Holidays
Needed their Lord's permission
Attend nearby fairs & markets
Lived in one-room huts
Huts with dirt floors
Sometimes allowed in house
On Holidays
Estate was under attack
Lord's Everyday Life
Managing his lands
Judging court cases
Hunting wild game
Feasting on meat & fish
Feasting on bread & cheese
Feasting on fruit too
King John and the Magna Carta (TB 308-309)
King John
William (France) invaded England
Established a centralized monarchy
Powerful English King
Began in 1066
Rose to thrown - 1199
Ruled England, 1/2 France
Failed, expensive wars
Barons took advantage
Violated common law
Established in 1100s
A system of law
Ensure received equal treatment
Staged a rebellion
Raising the king's taxes
Magna Carta
A document or contact
Great Charter
Between King and nobles
Didn't benefit ordinary people
Foundation of English law
Guarantee of individual rights
Development of democracy
Representative government in 1258
Henry III King of England
Angered groups of nobles
Nobles made a council
15 men
advised the king
limited the King's power
Called the Parliament
Edward (Henry's son)
Henry died in - 1272
Edward I (son) rose
1295 - truly representative Parliament
2 knights; every country
2 residents; every town
Passed laws
Imposed taxes
Discussed political/judicial matters
Charlemagne (TB 296-297)
Ruler of Western Europe
200 yrs. after Clovis died
Frankish king in 768
Skillfully administered his kingdom
Established new laws
Appointed officials
Took care of subjects
Founded schools
Protected the weak
He was a Christian
Idea - unite Germanic Kingdoms
Charlemagne battled tribes
Slavs
Lombards
Saxons
He accomplished his goal
Brought Germanic tribes together
Spread his Christian faith
Wanted to strengthen Christianity
He died in 814
A Christian Empire
Declared something after battle
Loyal defender of Pope
Pope's name = Leo 111
People rebelled against Pope
Charlemagne helped Leo
Leo crowned him emperor
Death to non Christians
Charlemagne - 1st German Emperor
Created a Christian Empire
Charlemagne - Guardian of Christianity
Feudal Society (TB 301)
Western Europe & England Kingdoms
Couldn't defend their kingdoms
Needed help protecting lands
Needed help protecting subjects
Created a system - Feudalism
Feudalism developed in 800s
Feudalism
Kings gave noblemen land
Noblemen = Lords
Lords granted these lands
This land = Fiefs (Feefs)
Gave to lesser noblemen
Lesser noblemen = vassals
Knights/castle = feudalism symbols
Vassals
Paid taxs on lands
Pledged their military service
Made their own army
Vassals - soldiers - knights - warriors
Lords protected vassals - service
Loyal to the king
Switched allegiance to Lord
Lord guarded their families
Lords = supreme rulers
A New Social Order
Structured as a pyramid
Top #1 King
Church officials/noblemen
Vassals/Lords too
Knights
Few People belonged - upper
More people belonged - bottom
Bottom - Peasants/serfs
Peasants jobs
Artisans
Merchants
Farmers
Laborers
Serfs
Tied to the land
Were their lord's servant
Lords gave shelter/protection
Allowed to buy freedom
No skills or education
Didn't earn money
Crusades (TB 312-313)
Muslims rulers controlled Jerusalem
In 1071
Christian Pilgrimages - Holy Land
Called Palestine
Cities sacred to Christians
Cities sacred to Jews
Cities sacred to Muslims
Included Jerusalem; city around
The Crusades
Unexpected impact on Europe
During wars; trade increased
Ideas and goods exchanged
Crusading fever didn't die
Rise of merchant class
Decline of feudalism
Jews expelled from France
Jews expelled from England
Europe & Mediterranean
The Selijuks
Attacked Christian Byzantine Empire
1096 Christian armies fight
Peasants joined the fight
Knights joined too
Foot soldiers joined
Achieved victory
A series of fights
Called Crusades
To reclaim Holy Land
Protect Christians
Slow spread of Islam
Islamic rule weakened
In the 1000s
Christian Kings; long war
War was called Reconquista
Drive Muslims of Peninsula
Crusades
Triumph was short lived
1099 are retook Jerusalem
Divide the Holy land
Four Crusader states
1144 - Muslims fought back
Conquered Edessa; crusader state
New pope; second crusade
Disaster for Europeans
1291 - Muslims defeated crusaders
Took control of Palestine
Crusaders were over
Inquisition
Queen Isabella
King Ferdinand
Used a powerful court
Used to punish non-Christians
Executed Muslims and Jews
People that wouldn't convert
They expelled Muslim rulers
In 1492
They expelled followers
Followers from Portugal & Spain
War and Plague (TB 314-315)
War between England & France
William - Duke of Normandy
1066 - William conquered England
Became it's King
Norman Kings
Vassals to French Kings
Came after William
Ruled over England
Tense relationship - England & France
Kings competed for territory
They competed in France
Competed over the throne
Both countries' Kings = powerful
1328
King of France dies
Edward thinks he's next
French nobles crowned somebody
A Frenchman - Charles
Edward III of England
1337
Edward invaded France
To claim the throne
Hundred Years' War began
Between England and France
On for 116 years
1453 - The war ends
English won important victories
French drove English out
English lost the war
Both sides were aided
Joan of Arc
A French Peasant Girl
Rescued the hopeless French
Christian Saints told her
Save your country
Impressed Charles - 1429
Got command of army
Had Religious/patriotic passion
English captured and executed
The Plague spreads
Medieval Europeans suffer
Poor diet
Filthy living conditions
Lack of cure/medicine
A disease spreads
Infected rats carried fleas
Humans along land/sea
Trade routes from Asia
Asia to Europe & Africa
Sickness becomes common
1374 - Bubonic plague sweeps Europe
Cause by flea bites
People believe plague = punishment
Christian believe plague - Jews
Jews poisoned town wells
early 1350s = plague's over
Killed 1/3 of population
Brought an end - Feudalism
Medieval Europe (TB 294-295)
500 to 1450
In Western Europe
Europe under Rome's control
After Rome fell
Germanic leaders seized powers
Germanic immigrants don't trade
Divide into small kingdoms
Kingdoms constantly at war
Keeping people secure
Helps shape stronger governments
Moderate climate
Rich soil
Farmers growing crops
Feeding livestock and themselves
Political and Cultural Changes
Region's many waterways
Ideal routes
Networks for trading
Trade started to disappear
Cities started to disappear
In early Middle Ages
Tribes settled
Settled in Roman lands
Preferred their own traditions
New settlers had ideas
Ideas about government
Tribes = Franks
Franks formed powerful kingdoms
Romans did too
Didn't create large governments
The Romans did
Didn't write down laws
The Romans did
Obeyed the unwritten rules
Clovis ruled the Franks
Obeyed their king's traditions
Lived in small villages
They worked the land
They tended their herds
Christianity united Western Europe
Christianity survived Rome falling
Before the 500s
Germanic people
Jutes
Saxons
Angles
They practiced their religions
They worshipped many gods
After they seized powers
Leaders converted to Christianity
Clovis = 1st leader converted
In 486
Clovis defeated Roman Gaul
He conquered weak kingdoms
Christianity spread after Clovis
Rome restrained power/strength
Rome = the Pope's home
Rome = Center of Christianity