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Types of Chemical Reactions: (Reduction (Types: (Carboxylic Acid (reduced…
Types of Chemical Reactions:
Reduction
Definition:
Adding 2 Hydrogen
Removing oxygen
Types:
Carboxylic Acid (reduced by removing oxygen) --> Aldehyde (reduced by adding 2 Hydrogens) --> Primary Alcohol
Ketone (reduced by adding 2 Hydrogens) --> Secondary Alcohol
CO2 (reduced by adding 2 Hydrogens) --> Methanoic Acid (reduced by removing oxygen) --> Methanal (reduced by adding 2 Hydrogens) --> Methanol (Reduced by removing oxygen) --> Alkane
Examples:
CH3-CH2-C(OH) --(O) (Carboxylic Acid) --> CH3-CH2-CH--(O) (Aldehyde) --> CH3-CH2-CH2(OH) (1-propanol)
CH3-C--(O)-CH3 (Ketone) --> CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 (2-Propanol)
Oxidation
Types:
Primary Alcohol {2 Hydrogens are bonded to the C that is bonded to the OH} (oxidized by losing 2 Hydrogens) --> Aldehyde (Oxidized by adding oxygen) --> Carboxylic Acid
Secondary Alcohol {1 Hydrogen is bonded to the C that is bonded to the OH} (oxidized by losing 2 Hydrogens) --> Ketone --> No further oxidation
Tertiary Alcohol --> Cannot be oxidized due to the absence of H bonded to the C that is bonded to the OH
Oxidation of Alkanes:
Alkane (+K2Cr2O7 or +H2SO4) --> Alcohol (oxidation by losing 2H) --> Aldehyde (Oxidized by adding oxygen) --> Carboxilic Acid (oxidized by losing 2 Hydrogen) --> CO2
Definition:
Removing 2 Hydrogens (from the same carbon)
Adding Oxygen
Examples:
CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 (2-Propanol) --> CH3-C--(O)-CH3 (Ketone)
CH3-C(CH3)-(OH)-CH3 --> No oxidation
CH3-CH2-CH2(OH) (1-propanol) --> CH3-CH2-CH--(O) (Aldehyde) --> CH3-CH2-C(OH) --(O) (Carboxylic Acid)
CH4 (+K2Cr2O7 or +H2SO4) --> CH3(OH) (oxidation by losing 2H) --> CH2--(O) (Oxidized by adding oxygen) --> CH-(OH)(oxidized by losing 2 Hydrogen) --> CO2
Condensation (esterification)
Type:
Acid + Alcohol --> Ester + H2O
Definition:
Removal of H2O from two molecules
Examples:
R-C--(O) - (OH) --> R-C--(O) -O-R + H2O
Substitution
Definition:
Replace elements by other element group; 2 products are formed from 2 reactants
Types:
Formation of Alcohol:
2- Alkyl halide + NaOH --> Alcohol + Ionic salt
1- Alkane + Halogen --> Alkyl Halide
1- Hydrocarbon + Diatomic halogen --> Halocarbon + Acid
2- Halocarbon + Base (KOH, NaOH) --> Alcohol + Salt
Formation of Alkyl-halide:
Alkane + Halogen --> Alkyl Halide + H-Halogens
Examples:
Formation of Alkyl-Halide:
CH3-CH2-CH3 + F2 --> CH2(F)-CH2-CH3 (1-fluoropropane) + HF
Formation of Alcohol:
1- CH3-CH2-CH3 + F2 --> CH2(F)-CH2-CH3 (1-fluoropropane) + HF
2- CH2(F)-CH2-CH3 + NaOH --> CH2(OH)-CH2-CH3 (1-propanol) + NaF
Addition
Types:
Alkene + H2 --> Alkane (hydrogenation)
Alkene + HBr --> Alkyl-halide (monohalogenation) H will be added to the carbon with more H (Br) will be added to the other C round the double bond
Alkene + H2O --> Alcohol (hydration)
Alkene + Br2 --> Alkyldihalides (dihalogenation)
Definition:
Add new atoms without removing any other atom; reverse of elimination; occurs in compounds with double or triple bonds only.
Examples:
1- CH2--CH2 (Ethelene) + H-OH (water) --> CH3-CH2(OH) (ethanol)
2- CH2--CH2 (Ethelene) + H2 (Hydrogen) --> CH3-CH3 (Alkane)
3- CH2--CH2 (Ethene) + HBr (Hydrogen Bromide) --> CH3-CH2(Br) (Ethene)
4- CH2--CH2 (Ethelene) + Br2 (di-bromo) --> CH2(Br)-CH2(Br)
Elimination
Example:
Alcohol --> Alkene (dehydration)
Halocarbons --> Alkenes (dehalogenation)
Alkane --> Alkene (dehydrogenation)
Definition:
2 adjacent carbons remove their atoms and an additional bond is formes; 1 reactant and 2 products; from alkanes --> alkenes or alkenes --> alkynes
Examples:
1- CH3-CH2-CH3 --> H2 + CH3-CH--CH2
2- CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2(OH) --> H2O + CH3-CH2-CH--CH2
3- CH3-CH2-CH(Br)-CH3 --> HBr + CH3-CH2-CH--CH2