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Chapter 27: Biomes (The Current World Biomes # (Dry Temperate Biomes…

- - - - Lessens the temperature gradient that would otherwise exist.
    - - Large amounts of water evaporates into temperate prevailing westerlies, giving them more humidity than if the ocean did not circulate
    - - Clockwise in Northern Hemisphere
      - Counterclockwise south of the equator
    - - Absorbs huge amounts of energy and warms significantly because a particular mass of water flows along the equator as part of the Atlantic Equatorial currents
        
        At the western side of the ocean basin it is deflected northward
      - Water's warmth permits high evaporation into the air. #
        
        Keeps much of the gulf coast humid.
      - Latitude dominated by westerly winds = warm current that does not keep land warm and wet
      - Current turning eastward towards Europe = at the turning point, cold polar water moves south along the east coast of Canada and the northeastern United States
      - The westerly winds absorb huge amounts of moisture as they blow for thousands of miles across the warm Pacific waters.
        
        Despite much rainfall over ocean, a large amount remains in the air and keeps the coasts wet.
  - - - Effect would be a tremendous temperature gradient between regions.
- - - - Pacific and Arctic Oceans in winter
      - Pacific and tropical Atlantic Ocean in summer
- - - - Near the equator in the tropical zone, climate is warm and humid.
      - A region located either to the north and south is exposed to cooler, drier conditions.
    - - Large and flat means too far from oceans for central regions to receive much moisture.
  - - - Life was beginning to move onto land, rhyniophytes were evolving, and continents drifted together.
      - Silurian Period
        
        North America collides with Eurasia, forming Appalachian Mountains
        
        Almost entirely eroded away in intervening 400 million years.
        
        This new continent is called Laurasia.
      - Next, Gondwanaland moves north and runs into Laurasia, pushing up the Alps. # #
      - Pangaea: all land on the entire globe located as one supercontinent
        
        Existed for millions of years, through the end of the Paleozoic Era.
        
        Had a diverse climate.
        
        Laurasia had warm, moist, and tropical climate. #
        
        Gondwanaland was frozen and heavily glaciated. #
        
        Large regions were swampy lowlands.
    - - Gondwanaland: hypothetical landmass in Southern Hemisphere composed of South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica
      - All life was aquatic. Nothing lived on land.
      - Several separate continents were distributed in a vast ocean.
    - - AKA Triassic Period
      - After Permian Period
      - Climate worldwide may have warmed.
        
        No evidence of glaciation anywhere
        
        Polar regions remained cool
        
        Away from poles, climate was warm and equable.
        
        More arid; driest of all geological times.
      - Plant Groups Evolved:
        
        Cycadeoidophyta
        
        Cycadophyta
        
        Caytoniales
        
        Ginkgophyta
      - In Jurassic Period:
        
        Pangaea began to break up
        
        North America segmented northwestward.
        
        Resulted in formation of a waterway, Tethys Sea, between northern and southern continents
        
        Altered between marshy swampland and shallow coastal sea.
        
        With continental separation, became deep, and oceanic circulation
      - Cretaceous Period
        
        Approximately 110 million years ago
        
        South America separated from Africa
        
        formed southern Atlantic Ocean allowing more humid oceanic air to reach west Africa
      - Most continental pieces remained close together long enough for many newly evolved groups to migrate to most of the continents.
      - Latest major event in continental drift was (is) the collision of North America and South America. #
        
        When continents collide, a mountain range forms.
      - Formation of Central America created a continuous land bridge between two continents, allowing plant species to be interchanged.