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Lymphatic/Immunity System Britney Escalante Period 5 (Anatomy of Lymphatic…
Lymphatic/Immunity System Britney Escalante Period 5
Major Functions
Lymphatic System
functions as the body's defense against infectious pathogens
keeps pathogens out & attacks those that do enter the body
Immune System
return clean fluid & leaked proteins back to blood
drain excess fluid from tissue
play an essential role in body defenses & resistence to disease
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
lymph movement - moves by milking action of skeletal muscles surrounding the lymphatic vessels, some forces that move blood in veins
edema - a condition that interferes with the flow in lymph will result in
sinuses - covered with connective tissue that extends inside the nose & divides it into nodules & spaces
t cells - cause direct destruction of virus invaded cells & mutant cells
b cells - secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material
thymus - located behind the sternum , above the heart ; it shrinks size during the lifetime
spleen - upper left abdominal cavity & is the body’s largest lymphatic organ ; contains blood instead of lymph & filters the blood & removes damaged blood cells & bacteria
bone marrow - site of blood cells & immature lymphocyte formation & b lymphocyte or b cell maturation
tonsils - composer of 3 masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth & throat ; enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may impact breathing
Innate/Adaptive Defenses
Innate (non-specific) Defenses
respond rapidly
“born with it”
include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytes, and fever
Adaptive (specific) Defense
develop slowly (takes time)
“body learns” this during its lifetime
carried out by lymphocytes that recognize a specific invader
both work together to protect body against infection
Humoral vs. Cellular Response
Humoral Response
b cell become activated & produce a clone of cells when it’s antigen receptor encounters it’s matching antigens, most B cells need helper t cells for activation
when helper t encounters b cell that has itself encountered an antigen, the helper t cell releases cytokines that active the B cell so that it can divide & form clones
Cellular Response
activated t cells interact directly within antigen bearing cells & such cell-to-cell contact
t cells also synthesize & secrete cytokines that will enhance cellular responses to antigens
for t cell activate must first encounter a macrophage displaying the antigen, if the antigen fits the t cells antigen receptor, it becomes activated
Disorders
allergic reactions - allergic reactions to allergies are excessive immune responses that may lead to tissue damage
tissue rejection - transplant recipients immune system may react with foreign antigens in the surface of the transplanted tissue
autoimmunity - the immune system manufactures antibodies against some of it own antigens ; may result from viral infections
aids - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ; virus kills or impairs more & more cells in the immune system & the body loses ability to fight off common infections, such as diarrhea or colds
hiv - transmitted by unprotected sex, sharing unsterilized needles or syringes , during pregnancy or birth & through breat feeding , and blood transfusions
Antobodies/Antigens
t cell
b cells
cytokines
memory t cells
helper t cells