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4.1.1 Immunity (Vaccines (prevention of epidemics: if a whole population…
4.1.1 Immunity
Vaccines
prevention of epidemics: if a whole population is vaccinated, then the pathogen is unlikely to spread and cause great harm
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false belief that vaccines cause autism; cause a lot of people to not vaccinate their children, or not be vaccinated themselves; can lead to outbreak of diseases
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may be actual dead or weakened form of pathogen (active), or antibodies only (passive)
ring vaccines: when a new case of a disease is detected, so all people close to the disease are vaccinated
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Antibodies
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opsonins
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neutralisation of pathogens: antigens on pathogen can no longer bind to host cells, as the opsonins are blocking it
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immunoglobulins: complex proteins produced by plasma cells in the immune system; released as s response to infection
Immunity
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natural
immunity that is achieved through normal life processes e.g. actually getting the disease (active), or through mother breastfeeding (passive)
active
when immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies e.g. actually getting the disease (natural), or vaccine of dead of weakened pathogen (artificial)
passive
immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to individual e.g. vaccine (artificial) or breastfeeding (natural)
artificial
immunity that is achieved as a result of medical intervention e.g. vaccine of dead or weakened pathogen (active), or vaccine of antibodies only (passive)
Medicine
antibiotics
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bacterial resistance
e.g. MRSA, Clostridium difficile
due to overuse of antibiotics, and not finishing the course
- all bacteria are not resistant to the antibiotic
- random mutation in the bacteria results in a bacterium being resistant to the antibiotic
- all the rest of the bacteria die and resistant one multiplies and passes on resistant genes to future generations (natural selection)
- a population of bacteria are now immune
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synthetic biology: production of new molecules that mimic natural processes, or use of natural molecules to make new biological systems
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plants
e.g. morphine, willow bark extract
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