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Australia/Aboriginal Australians (Australia "The land down…
Australia/Aboriginal Australians
The Stolen generation
-a term used for mixed-descent Aboriginal children who were taken from their parents by the Australian government and relocated to institutions, orphanages, missionsor white foster families
From the late 1800 until the end of 1960s
-about 10 to 33 per cent of the mixed-descent children were forcibly removed from their Aboriginal families
The Australian public were led to believe that Aboriginal children were disadvantaged and at risk in their own communities
--> wanted to expose them to European Values and work habits so they could be employed by white people
--> not taught their own indigenous culture, language or identity
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The Aboriginals
Aboriginals --> indigenous people living there for 30,000 years
Values and traditions
-hunting and fishing with spears and boomerang
-tracking and stalking, standing still for hours waiting for an animal
-were hundreds of tribes, with different languages
--> Nomadic
-"The Dreamtime"
Spiritual, the land linking them to their forefathers
--> before, all the spirits roamed and free, and now, the spirits are in plants, animals etc. Each thing has its own "dreaming"
--> Respect for the land
--> Cleansing ceremony, walking through smoke
-->
Scarification
, status symbol
-->
Body pain
t for identification, and cave paintings
-->
Didgeridoo
, ceremonial instrument traditionally played by men, Australian animal sounds
--> Never say the name of the
deceased
(disturbing their spirits)
The settlers:
Colonization- Taking their land
--> Aboriginals had no ownership, no villages because of nomadic living, moved to the outback
--> mistreated and killed without risk of punishment
--> Massacred/Tasmania
-->
Disease epidemics
declined about 90% of the Aboriginal population; wipeout large population: measles, chickenpox, smallpox
--> Losing their nomadic ways, had to adapt to new lifestyle:
-some moved to reserves (not sovereign like NA), some took jobs at cattle stations, servants
--> The Stolen Generation: forced removal of mixed-race Aboriginal children. They were often abused, lost their language and culture, had to be Christian
--> poverty and alcoholism
--> No right to vote, no status as Australian citizens
Today
-Face racism and discrimination
-Low education
-High unemployment
-Poverty
-About 2% of the population
-Some say that there is a 2nd Stolen Generation, via the Child Welfare Services
From the 1960s, inspired by the
Civil Rights Movement
, students started "freedom rides" to show segregation was not an American problem
--> excluded from cinemas, swimming pools
--> wanted equality in all areas, in housing, health and education
Australia
"The land down under"
History
Australia was discovered by the British in 1788
--> colonizing
-Called "the invasion" by the Aboriginals
-used as penal colony
--> later settlers and migrants wanted to build a new society on European cultural ways
--> exploited the indigenous population for several generations
--> 1967: the Constitution was changed so the Aboriginal people were given better rights/recognized as Australian citizens
--> Now; modern, multicultural nation
Population
Small population in world terms- in 2014 about 23.5 million
--> diverse social mix as results of historical factors: made up of Indigenous Australian, descendants of early settlers, and migrants
--> Until the end of WW2: An Anglo-Celtic society
--> After WW2: immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, many from Greece and Italy, and Asia, Africa
--> Most live in the big city's
Languages
English is official language
--> Australian English- characteristic by accent and idiosyncratic (særegent) word use
--> Only a handful of Aboriginal languages
Organization
A federal parliament democracy comprising Six States and three Territories
-Three levels of government: federal, state or territory and local
--> ensuring regional autonomy (selvstyre)
-Canberra, the capital
--> a strong public "safety net" is maintained for social security, as in education, health and housing
-Also private systems alongside the public system
-The British Queen is Australia´s nominal Head of State (formell, kun i navn)
Education
--> Children may attend Kindergarten from age 4
--> Free public education is available up to age 16/17 (some pay for private or church school education)
--> Compulsory primary and secondary schooling from the age of 5
--> Many continues higher education: universities, vocational TAFE (Technical and further education) colleges, and private institutions
--> Mostly the students stay with their parents, attending education in their own states, instead of moving
Recreation, Creativity and Sport
-Beaches and surfing, barbecues and gatherings with family and friends
--> Festivals in all states, such as wine, arts, music, film, fashion
and multicultural events
-Many are sports mad, major sports being Cricket, AFL, netball, tennis and swimming
Environment
-Harsh climate, lack of water, desert interior, contrasting land formations and vulnerable ecology
--> challenging to be a farmer and to manage resources
-A lot of challenges:
--> Deforestation, agricultural clearing and overgrazing
--> Overfishing and illegal fishing
--> Exotic species being introduced and outcompete the native species
--> Pollution
--> Continued population growth along the coastline destroys farmland and leads to extinction of native species
Towards a sustainable Australia
Challenges
-An aging population putting pressure on health costs, providing aged care pensions, and having enough aged care accommodation
-Climate change- increasing risks of bushfires, droughts and rising sea levels
-Water supplies for farming and as drinking water
-Food production, to ensure supplies for its population and at the same time as developing food exporting industry
What makes an "Aussie"
-Values and cultural sentiments include informality, open-mindedness, integrity
--> Home and family is central
--> house ownership is a common aspiration
--> fairness, equality and justice are essential qualities, "a fair go for all"