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Achievement Gap (Blanchett (Who Are the Real Beneficiaries of Failed Urban…

- - - - o “The Brown v. the Board of Education decision transformed American public education, not just for African American students, as some would have us believe (Blanchett, Mumford, & Beachum, 2005).” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 372)
        
        o “In addition to prohibiting racial segregation in public education, the Brown decision was especially important in securing appropriate educational services and opportunities for students with disabilities.” (Blanchett, 2009, p.372)
  - - - Contrary to what some believe, the struggle to desegregate schools is much larger than simply wanting Black and White children to sit next to each other and to be educated in the same environment.” (Blanchett,2009, p. 380)
        
        o “For many poor parents of color and some middle-class parents as well, especially those in urban settings, integrated schools are their only hope for their children receiving high-quality educational opportunities.” (Blanchett,2009, p. 380)
        
        • “On the other hand, schools that have a majority White student body are often viewed as just the opposite of those attended by majority African American and/or Latino students. They are often located in suburban or rural areas and are touted and labeled as “high performance” schools.” (Blanchett,2009, p. 381)
        
        o “More important, the failure to provide students in urban settings, a disproportionate number of whom are poor, and students of color with a high- quality equitable education has been identified as a major contributing factor to the overrepresentation of students of color in special education.” (Blanchett,2009, p. 381)
  - - - “It is now time for the American society and educational system working in concert to go for broke in the service of these marginalized children and families by both breaking down barriers that have caused and continue to maintain educational equities and truly refusing to accept “two parallel systems—one privileged, adequate, successful, and largely White, and the other disadvantaged in countless ways, disabled, starving, failing, and predominately African American” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 386)
    - - o “Acknowledge and respond to the funding inequities that have created two parallel systems by sufficiently funding and resourcing urban school districts/ schools to give them the financial and human resources needed to truly effectively teach and serve all children well.” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 386)
        o “Ensure that all educators in urban schools are indeed fully credentialed and hold a valid teaching certification for the content areas in which they teach. Equally as important, we need to ensure that all educators working in urban schools have the knowledge, skills, and dispositions along with the commitment to teach for social justice and to employ culturally responsive pedagogy.” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 386)
        
        o “Hold special education accountable for providing culturally responsive practice to all students identified as having disabilities and who receive special education services.” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 386)
        o “Hold special education responsible for ensuring that all children (not just White middle-class students) are placed in the general education classroom for the majority of their school day as a component of our commitment to inclusive education.” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 386)
  - - - o “Disproportionality exists when a specific group’s representation in special education as a whole and/ or in specific disability categories exceeds their representation in the general school population or in the special education program (Harry & Anderson, 1995).” (Blanchett, 2009, p. 377)
- - - - “Such performance-based interventions provide evidence of the potential for gap widening when traditionally targeted interventions are universalized.” (Ceci, 2005, p. 153)
    - - “As we show, even if such interventions provided proportionate gains to all recipients, on a population level the higher functioning groups sometimes benefit more because they are more likely to utilize them, thereby unintentionally widening preexisting gaps.” (Ceci, 2005, p. 154)
    - -  The profit-driven nature of many medical interventions virtually guarantees that any preexisting gaps between the rich and the poor will be widened as new medical procedures and interventions are discovered that, at least initially, are only available to those whose insurance covers them or who can independently pay for these procedures (Ceci & Papierno, 2005, p. 155).