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Year 9 Biology (Living Organisms (Organelles (Cytoplasm (Jelly like…

- - - - A group of organelles creating a cell with a specific function
    - - Groups of cells with a similar function
    - - A collection of tissues carrying out a particular function
    - - Different organs working together to perform a specific function
    - - A group of organ systems
    - - Small cell structures that perform particular functions
  - - - (Kingdom) Animalia
        
        Stores sugar as glycogen
        
        Doesn't have chloroplast
        
        Reproduces sexually (sometimes asexually e.g flatworm)
        
        Is multicellular
        
        No cell wall
        
        Needs to ingest other organisms for nutrition
        
        Examples:You, Your siblings, Cat, Dog,
      - (Kingdom) Fungi
        
        Cell wall made of chitin (in addition to cell membrane)
        
        Stores food as glycogen
        
        Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
        
        Saprophytic nutrition
        
        Ejects digestive enzymes onto food and eats after it has been digested outside of body
        
        Reproduces sexually or asexually
        
        Examples
        
        Sac fungi
        
        Eomycota
        
        Zygomycota
        
        toadstool
        
        yeast （unicellular）
        
        Mucor （multicellular）
        
        some are pathogens
        
        A person who studies fungi is called a mycologist (useless)
        
        Some multi cellular ones e.g. Mucor are organised into MYCELIUM made of Hyphae containing many Nuclei
        
        has a vacuole
      - (Kingdom) Protoctista or Protista
        
        It is unicellular
        
        Doesn't fit in any other [eukaryotic] kingdom
        
        Some are similar to plants
        
        Some are similar to animals
        
        Examples
        
        Amoebae
        
        Cholera
        
        Plasmodium
        
        Algae
        
        Amoeba
        
        Reproduce sexually and asexually
        
        some have chloroplasts
        
        They are like the random bin of weirdos
        
        some are pathogens （e.g. plasmodium）
      - (Kingdom) Plantae
        
        Has a cell wall made of cellulose (in addition to inner cell membrane
        
        Is multicellular
        
        Reproduces sexually and asexually
        
        Examples
        
        Oak tree
        
        Lotus flower
        
        has a vacuole
        
        stores food as sucrose or starch
        
        has chloroplasts
      - Plant and Animal cell diagram
    - - Viruses
        
        Are not strictly considered living organisms
        
        All are pathogens
        
        stores genetic material in RNA or DNA
        
        Has a thick protein coat
        
        Only can reproduce through a living host
        
        Examples
        
        Ebola
        
        AIDS
        
        Hepatitis
        
        Every virus is specialised to attack a host of a specific kingdom and that kingdom only
      - Bacteria (Bacterium is singular)
        
        Has a cytoplasm
        
        Stores DNA as plasmids or in circular bacterial chromosomes inside the nucleoid
        
        Some are pathogens
        
        Examples
        
        Cyanobacteria
        
        Spirochete
        
        Firmicutes
        
        E. Coli
        
        Reproduces through binary fission
        
        Has a peptidoglycan cell wall (in addition to cell membrane)
  - - - Water molecules moving from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane. It is a slow passive process that doesn't require additional energy
      - Hypertonic
        
        Higher water potential outside the cell
        
        Plant
        
        Loses water from osmosis, thus the cytoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall
        
        Animal
        
        Loses water through osmosis, becoming shrivelled
      - Isotonic
        
        Equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell
        
        Plant
        
        No water is lost of gained, so the cell stays slightly turgid
        
        Animal
        
        No water is lost or gained, so the cell stays flaccid
      - Hypotonic
        
        Higher concentration of water inside the cell
        
        Plant
        
        Cell swells up as it takes water in. The cell wall prevents it from bursting.
        
        Animal
        
        Gains water and bursts from water pressure.
      - water potential:
    - - The movement of particles in a fluid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is a slow and passive process that doesn't require additional energy
      - factors affecting rate of diffusion
        
        concentration gradient (the steeper the faster) more on outside less on inside means faster
    - - Active Transport is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient. This process requires additional energy, cells that need to carry out active transport (e.g. root cells) need to have a lot more mitochondria
        
        This is done through carrier proteins, in which the carrier protein closes up once a particle moves into the carrier protein to force it inside (guys this is really weird without diagram)
  - - - Adult
        
        Replace blood cells
        
        From the bone marrow
        
        Not as versatile
      - Embryonic
        
        Change into all specialised cells in the body
        
        From embryos
      - For Stem Cell Treatments
        
        • Will overcome immune rejection
        • Uses embryos that have been thrown away from fertility clinics
        • Help curing incurable diseases like cancer and degenerative diseases
        • It can help extreme injuries to recover and improve peoples lives
        • Could prevent surgery costing less money and time
      - Against Stem Cell Treatments
        
        • Stem cells are aborted from babies
        • We still do not know much about stem cells
        • Progress is slow and expensive
        • If a virus gets into a stem cell in the lab it can make the problem worse
        • It could cause infertility, infections or even new cancers
        • It would cost a lot of doctors jobs
    - - The Beginnings
        
        • An animal begins life as a fertilised egg cell called a zygote
        • This cell divides into two again and again, eventually forming an embryo
        • This type of cell division is called mitosis and is controlled by genes
      - Mitosis
        
        • Chromosomes in the nucleus are copied and the nucleus dissolves
        • Chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell and two nuclei form
        • The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide (cytokinesis)
        • Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed (both having the same amount of genetic information)
      - Specialised Cells
        
        Nerve Cell (animal)
        
        Carries electrical impulses throughout your body
        
        Elongated and branch like to easily transport nerve impulses around your body
        
        Smooth Muscle Cell (animal)
        
        Elongated in order to contract and relax for movement
        
        Moving around
        
        Xylem Vessel (plant)
        
        To carry water up the plant
        
        Dead and hollow cell with rigs of lignin (protein) for support
        
        Guard Cell (Plant)
        
        Specialised shape which forms the stomatal pore, to allow gas exchange to happen in a leaf
        
        Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata
        
        Turned up in assessment
        
        Guard Cell diagram
        
        Palisada Cell (plant)
        
        Main function is to absorb light and photosynthesise
        
        Thin large and transparent with lots of chloroplast for photosynthesis
        
        Sperm Cell (animal)
        
        Carry necessary biological information to the egg cell
        
        • Large, streamline head to penetrate the egg cell
        • Flagelllum for swimming
        • Large head contains chromosomes
        • Has lots of mitochondria to swim fast
        
        Red Blood Cell (animal)
        
        Transports oxygen around the body
        
        • Large surface area to carry as much oxygen as possible
        • No nucleus allowing more space to carry oxygen
        • Contain haemoglobin which allows them to carry oxygen
        • Live for 120 days until new ones replace them
        • Thin and easily can get around your body quickly
      - Binary fission
        
        How bacteria reproduce, similar but not the same as mitosis
  - - - limp, not turgid
    - - Plasmids: Circular hoops of genetic material
      - RNA: A type of nucleic acid which stores genetic material
      - DNA: a type of nucleic acid which stores genetic material
    - - An organism that is harmful (some bacteria, some fungi, all viruses)
    - - An organism with only one cell
    - - An organism made up of more that one cell
    - - not limp
  - - - Jelly like substance that holds organelles, most chemical reactions occur here, anaerobic respiration occurs here
    - - contains genetic material，chromosomes which provide information for creating proteins
    - - Proteins are synthesised here
    - - Thin layer that forms a boundary with cytoplasm and the outside. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
    - - Aerobic respiration occurs here
    - - Tough outer layer gives shape and prevents cells from bursting from internal pressure acting outwards, it is FREELY PERMEABLE
    - - Contains a supply of cell sap, store of dissolved minerals and sugar
    - - Contains the green pigment chlorophyll and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis