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Biomes (Concepts (it is importation to realize that both do change…

- - - - (1) world climate
      - (2) positions of continents #
      - if either or both booth of these factors were different the locations of the biomes would be different
- - - - to rise as soon as they come ashore
    - - Winter are mild, and only rarely is there frost; northern California to Alaska, but they end at the summit of the Coastal Range 200 kn form the coast
  - - - and then even less on the Rocky Mountains, each range feels the rain shadow effect of the preceding Mountain
    - - occur at the bases of these mountains, subalpine forest at higher elevations
  - - - and high precipitation in all seasons
  - - - the Southern Evergreen forest biome occurs at the southern edge of the oak/pine component of the temperate deciduous forest
        
        along the northern portions of the gilf states.
    - - Precipitation is higher than inland temperate deciduous forest areas, but the soil is so sandy
      - and porous that rainwater percolates downward rapidly and runs off into definite dry aspec
    - - as a result of fire disturbance and soil conditions, the forest consists almost purely of fire adapted long leaves pine with occasional oak
  - - - the entire plains of north America extending from the Texas coast to and beyond the Canadian border is or more accurately, was grasslands
        
        often refereed to as prairie
      - This part of North America has no mountains being too far from the various continental collision zones; it is remarkably flat with at most low, roiling hills
      - Climate and vegetation factors have produced one of the richest soil in existence anywhere
      - pic
      - seasons vary from bitter cold to very hot
        
        rainfall is sufficient to promote reasonably rapid weathering of rock, but it is not so great as to leach away valuable elements.
    - - A woodland is similar to a forest except that trees are widely spaced and do not form a closed canopy.
      - If grass grows between the trees, the biome is known as a Savanna instead
      - Shrublands are similar expect that trees are replaced by shrubs.
        
        Woodlands and shrubs lands often occur as the transition between a moist forest and a dry grassland or between grassland and desert
      - the chaparral in California is well known shrubland.
        
        its climate consists of a rainy, mild winter followed by a dry, hot summer
      - pic
    - - the driest regions are occupied by the desert
      - rainfall hardly ever happens
      - are either hot or cold
      - soil are rocky and thin
      - pic
  - - - on high mountains in the tropics, cool or cold nights and winters occurs but only at very high elevations is frost encountered.
      - Under conditions of high rainfall, tropics rain forest develop, but the drier areas contain tropical grasslands and Savannas
    - - occur close to the equator, rain fall is high typically over 200 cm/yr and often much more
      - the morning may be cool and fresh, but clouds develop rapidly and rain almost invariably falls by noon
      - The tropical rain forest is synonymous with species diversity.
      - pic
    - - those areas of the tropics with lower rainfall develop as thorn-scrubs, savannas or grasslands.
- - - - it would pass dirclty overhead and set in the west.
      - there would be no change, no seasons
    - - everyday it would rise in the southeast, pass low in the sky and set in the south west
      - maximum heating would be at the equator; all other regions would always receive only obliqued lighting and would be much cooler
    - - at the summer solstice, the north pole points as directly toward the sum as possible and in the northern Hemisphere,
        
        the sun has reached it highest point in the sky
      - the sun appears to be overhead at noon for those people located at 23.5 degrees N latitude, the tropic of cancer
        
        North of the arctic circle the sun is visible even at midnight
    - - which appears to rise and set more to the south and is lower in the southern sky at noon
    - - all parts of the plants experience seasonally, although in the region between 23.5 degree N between summer and winter as in the temp regions outside this band
  - - - throughout the year, water and air receive solar heat, causing tremendous amounts of evaporation.
        
        the air warms, expands, then rises high into the atmosphere
        
        as it flows upward, the surrounding air pressure decreases and the moist rising air expands even more
        
        this expansion causes the air to cool, decreasing its ability to hold moisture. water vapor condenses into rain and falls back
        
        tot he surface in torrential storms, producing tropical rain forest in Central America, northern south America, central Africa and southeast Asia
    - - by the time it reaches about 30 degrees Nor S it has cooled contracted and become dense enough to sink
      - it encounters greater atmospheric pressure at lower altitudes and is compressed and heated
      - as it warms its water holding capacity increases
        
        because its capacity to hold water is greater but its water content is the same, the air becomes drier
    - - the size of a land mass influences the weather it receives
        
        Larger islands have mountains that forces air to rise as it blows across them
        
        rising air cools and rain forms
        
        lower-lying islands are too flat to affect the air, these desert islands are extremely dry , often no fresh water streams or lakes
        
        contiinuts also cause air to rise, cool and drop precipitation.
        
        if the topography is fairly flat, air rises gradually, and rains are distributed over an extensive area
        
        if the topography is mountainous, rain dropped in a narrow area
        
        the prevailing westerlies bring moist air from the Pacific Ocean onto land over California, Oregon, Washington, Mexico, move through eastern USA
        
        the size of the land mass also affects its temperature fluctuation.
        
        along the coast of of a continent, cloudy rainy weather is frequent and temperature fluctuation is mild
        
        farther inland, air is dry and clear; a lack of clouds expresses the land to full daytime insolation and heating is rapid and extreme
  - - - clockwise in the North H, and counter in the Southern H
    - - also as warm tropical surface water moves higher latitudes, larger amounts of water evaporate into the temperate prevailing water lies
        
        giving them more humidity that they would have if the oceans did not circulate
    - - during the weeks that particular mass of water flows along the equator as part of he Atlantic Equatorial currents it absorbs huge amounts of energy and warms
    - - the waters warmth permits high evaporation into air the air and keeps much much of the gulf coast humid.
      - the rest of the current moves along the east coast as the gulf stream, because
        
        this is a latitude that is dominated by westerly winds, the warm current does not keep the land as warm and wet as one would expect .
- - - - near the equator in the tropical zone, climate is warm and humid, but a region located either to the north or south is exposed to cooler, drier conditions
    - - the presence of the large continent of Antarctica at the south pole allows huge amounts of fresh water to accumulate there as snow fields and glacial ice,
      - it also increases ocean salinity by trapping fresh water for thousands of years.
      - if a continent is small and flat, moisture oceanic air can blow across it and bring precipitation to all parts
        
        if it is large and flat, the central regions are too far from the oceans to receive much moisture, most of it having fallen as rain or snow closer to the coastline
  - - - while life was still aquatic and nothing lived on land, several separate continents were distributed in vast oceans
      - Eurasia consisted of either one continent or two that were already close and moving together; the collision of the western Europe and Asia causes the formation of the Ural mountains.
        
        this ancient land mass whether one or two continents, was also farther south than at present, located in warmer climate.
        
        in the southern Hemisphere was a giant continent called Gondwanaland
    - - at about the time life was beginning to move on to land and rhyniophytes were evolving,
        
        the continents drifted together.
      - during the Silurian period, north America collided with Eurasia forming the Appalachian mountains,
        
        which have almost entirely eroded away in the intervening 400 million years
      - this new continent is known as Laurasia, next Gondwanaland moved north and ran into globe was located together as one super continent Pangaea
        
        Pangaea which existed for millions of years through the end of the Paleozoic era
      - the Laurasia n portion was still in the topics and much of Gondwanaland was in the southern temperate and polar regions
      - pic