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Small reservations policy (Adaptation of the Plains Indians (Indian…
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Fort Laramie Treaty 1851
Consequences
The Indians became dependent on the US Government for food and money, but had to behave in certain ways
Ended the idea of one big reservation, and concentrated each tribe within their own lands. This was the first step towards creating reservations
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Difficulties
The treaty was written in English, which with a lack of interpreters meant many tribes did not fully understand what they had agreed to
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Terms
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White settlers, travellers and railroad surveyors should be allowed to cross lands safely
If they stuck to the treaty, they would be given food and $50,000 annualy
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Indian Wars 1862, 1863
Little Crow's War 1862
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In 1851, the tribe agreed to move to southern Minnesota, giving up 24 million acres of land
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Indian Wars 1864-68
Consequences
Population of the Plains Indians fell, due to disease War and Famine
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Gold continued to attract Migrants, causing fresh conflicts
US Army increasingly destroyed Indian lodges, horses and food supplies
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Relationships between them grew worse, leading to new reservations and treaties
Fetterman's trap, 1866
During Red Cloud's War, the US Government had established Fort Phil Kearney .
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On 21 December 1866, a small group of Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne & Arapaho hid near the fort and attacked a party of woodcutters
A US force quickly left under Capt. William J Fetterman, and headed for the Woodcutters. They were ambushed, and all 81 soldiers were killed
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After the second Fort Laramie treaty, the US Government abandoned 3 forts on the Bozeman trail, and Red Cloud moved his tribe onto a much smaller reservation
Sand Creek massacre, 1864
Led by Black Kettle, the Cheyenne had attacked trains and towns in the Cheyenne uprising
In response the US army commanded by Colonel Chivington attacked their settlement at Sand Creek on the morning of the 29 November 1864
The Indians waved white flags of surrender, but Chivington gave orders to "kill & destroy" the Indians
More than 150 were slaughtered in a dawn raid, including many chiefs who were looking to make peace
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Red Cloud's war 1866-68
Red Cloud lead the Lakota Sioux and the alliance in attacks against the travellers, known as Red Cloud's War
In 1863, a miner called John Bozeman establised the trail, connecting the Oregon trail to Montanna, where Gold had been found
This crossed Cheyenne, Sioux and Arapaho grounds, breaking the treaty of Fort Laramie
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The Government sent in a huge army, and the Sioux were defeated at the Battle of Wood Lake on 23 September 1862. 300 Sioux were sentenced to death, although only 38 were eventually hanged
