Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Unit 2 Ch. 42 & 44 (Chapter 44 (osmosis is the movement of water…
Unit 2 Ch. 42 & 44
Chapter 42
Circulatory Systems
Function
transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones to cells through the body
-
protection of the body by white blood cells by white blood cells, antibodies and complement proteins that circulate in the blood
Types
closed
one or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into
smaller ones that intelestrate organs
-
-
-
-
-
-
capillaries
microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls
Blood pressure
PIPES (blood vessels)
pipes can not bend but they can get clogged and the more that the pipe gets clogged the more it can expand and eventually it would burst.
the more clogged the pipe the higher the blood pressure and the smaller and the less clogged the pipes the lower the blood pressure
-
-
lymph circulation
-
generates white blood cells and helps prevent disease and illness, plasma leaves the bodys cells once it has delivered its nutrients and removed debris and most of the fluid returns to the venous circulation through tiny vessels called venules and continues as venous blood
-
Chapter 44
-
-
-
-
-
-
Protein and nucleic acid metabolism generates ammonia. Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia. Mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammonia to the less toxic urea, which is excreted with a minimal loss of water. Insects and many reptiles, including birds, convert ammonia to uric acid, a mostly insoluble waste excreted in a paste-like urine.
The kind of nitrogenous waste excreted depends on an animal’s habitat, whereas the amount excreted is coupled to the animal’s energy budget and dietary protein intake.
Most excretory systems carry out filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. Invertebrate excretory systems include the protonephridia of flatworms, the metanephridia of earthworms, and the Malpighian tubules of insects. Kidneys function in both excretion and osmoregulation in vertebrates.
Excretory tubules (consisting of nephrons and collecting ducts) and blood vessels pack the mammalian kidney. Blood pressure forces fluid from blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule. Following reabsorption and secretion, filtrate flows into a collecting duct. The ureter conveys urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Within the nephron, selective secretion and reabsorption in the proximal tubule alter filtrate volume and composition. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but not salt; water moves by osmosis into the interstitial fluid. The ascending limb is permeable to salt but not water; salt leaves by diffusion and by active transport. The distal tubule and collecting duct regulate K+ and NaCl levels in body fluids.
In mammals, a countercurrent multiplier system involving the loop of Henle maintains the gradient of salt concentration in the kidney interior. Urea exiting the collecting duct contributes to the osmotic gradient of the kidney.
Natural selection has shaped the form and function of nephrons in various vertebrates to the osmoregulatory challenges of the animals’ habitats. For example, desert mammals, which excrete the most hyperosmotic urine, have loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla, whereas mammals in moist habitats have shorter loops and excrete more dilute urine.
Transport epithelia contain specialized epithelial cells that control the solute movements required for waste disposal and osmoregulation.
Cells balance water gain and loss through osmoregulation, a process based on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment and on the movement of water, which follows by osmosis.
Osmoconformers are isoosmotic with their marine environment and do not regulate their osmolarity. In contrast, osmoregulators control water uptake and loss in a hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic environment, respectively. Water-conserving excretory organs help terrestrial animals avoid desiccation, which can be life-threatening. Animals that live in temporary waters may enter a dormant state called anhydrobiosis when their habitats dry up.
