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Molecular cell biology (process of gene expression (splicing (p7→)…
Molecular cell biology
process of gene expression
process overview (p3)
DNA sequence (p3) :pencil2:
effect of histones on DNA (p3)
enzymatic histone -- 2 types
chromatin remodelling (p4)
transcription (p5→)
transcription initiation (p5)
location (p5)
process (p5) :warning:
formation of the initiation complex (p6) :warning:
repression (p6) :warning:
competition
compete on RNA polymerase domain
direct competition
inhibition
splicing (p7→)
self-splicing RNA (p7)
protein splicing (p7)
enzyme involved (p7)
extra bit added after introns are removed (p7) :pencil2:
mechanism (p8) :pencil2:
trans-esterification
nuclear pores (p8)
mRNA export and translation (p9)
mRNA is exported to... (p9)
process (p9) :warning:
two types of subunit of ribosome (p9)
formation of complete ribosome
when the complex dissociate
how and why translating initiation complex forms
mRNA degradation (p10)
mRNA half-life and protein synthesis rate (p10)
regulation (p11) :warning:
transferrin-receptor TfR and iron uptake (p11)
protein sorting (p11-12)
protein is released from ... (p12)
nuclear localisation signal (p11) :warning:
peroxisome
into mitochondria (p12) -- similar to chloroplast
mitochondrial targeting signal (p12)
the process (p13) :warning:
how protein is transported into mitochondrion
protein degradation (p13)
proteasome
mechanism (p13) :warning:
ubiquitinylating
lysosome
protein trafficking (p15→)
moving proteins to the target location
overview (p15)
vesicle
cytoskeleton
endocytosis
exocytosis
intracellular vesicular traffic (p16)
vesicular budding :warning:
coat protein
usage --2 (p15) :pencil2:
clathrin-mediated vesicle formation (p17) :warning:
process of budding -- 4 steps (p16)
structure of proteins (p16)
role of different coat protein (p25) :warning:
secretory pathways (p17→)
relationship with exocytosis
two ways (p17) :warning:
constitutive
regulated
role of rough ER
proteins are synthesised on... (p18)
directed to ... in ER(p18) :fire:
via... signal (p18) :fire:
when is the signal captured (p19)
secreted proteins (p18) :warning:
process(p18-19)
difference
membrane intergral proteins (p19) :warning:
possess α-helix transmembrane domain (p19)
single and multi-pass (p20)
G-proteins (p20)
process (p20)
proteins are folded
targeted membrane
role of Golgi apparatus
anterograde and retrograde (p21) :warning:
is used to... (p21)
process (p21-22)
cis, medial, trans Golgi (21)
cytoskeleton (p22)
distinct filament
target membrane and highly regulated (p22)
summary of secretory pathway (p23)
endocytosis
phagocytosis (p23)
non-specific and autophagy
fuse with lysosome (p23)
pinocytosis (p23)
receptor-mediated (p23)
signal peptides (p24)
transferrin (p24)
association with iron & affinity of TfR -- pH dependent (p24)
mRNA degradation
viral particles (p25)
viral protein is recognised by receptor protein in clathrin coated pits
form vesicle
used the same coat protein but different receptor to recognise the cargo :fire:
transcytosis
to transport through tight junction (p26)
prevent ... (p26)
process (p26)
cell signalling
cell signalling(p27)
purpose (27)
used in disease (p27)
signal transduction (p28)
definition (p28)
mediated in two ways (p28) :fire:
overview -- 4 steps(p28) :warning:
receptor (p28)
extracellular signal is detected by receptor on the membrane
amplification (p28)
single signal to multiple pathways
adapters and integrators (p30)
process (p30) :warning:
GPCR (p33)
modulation & integration (p29)
gene activation and repression (p29)
two responses (p28)
transduced via complex pathways
latent regulatory protein
adaptor and integrator (p30)
key mechanisms (p29)
protein (de)phosphorylation (p29)
GTPase switch proteins (p29)
G-protein coupled receptors (p30)
highly selective
wide range of extracellular signal
example -- 𝛽-adrenergic receptor (p31)
process (p31) :warning:
other receptor mechanism (p35)
ligand-gated ion channels
dimerisation of tyrosine kinase-linked receptors :warning:
regulatory and catalytic subunit (p33)
transcription (p434)
targeting GPCRs
receptor agonists
receptor antagonists
inverse agonists
life cycle (p36)
proliferation
meaning (p36)
used for... (p36)8
differentiation
apoptosis (36)
programmed cell death (p38)
intrinsic pathway (p38) :warning:
extrinsic pathway (p38) :warning:
stages -- 5 steps (p39) :warning:
role in development --2 (p39)
role in cancer therapy (p39) :explode:
damage to DNA
interference cell cycle
target angiogenesis
monoclonal antibody
inhibit p53 -- tumor supressor
example of micro vili(p36)
check points (p37) :fire:
G1
G2
M
graph (p37)
controlled by kinase (p37) :fire:
p53 is unstable TF but DNA damage can stables it
promotes p21
cell arrested in G2