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51~53 (populationdensity depe (human population growth (history of human…

- - - - population is the number of individuals per unit area or volume
      - population size and density can be determined by counting all individuals within the boundaries of the population
        
        density factors that affects population
        
        Immigration
        
        influx of new individuals from other region
        
        Emigration
        
        movement of individuals out of a population and into other location
        
        Death
        
        Birth
    - - pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
      - patterns of dispersion
        
        uniform
        
        evenly spaced
        
        penguins exhibit uniform spacing
        
        random
        
        unpredictable spacing
        
        dandelions grow from windblown seeds so unpredictable spacing
        
        clumped
        
        aggregated in patches
        
        sea star fish group together where food is a lot
  - - - exponential growth
        
        a population that experience such ideal condition increase in size by a constant proportion at each instant in time
        
        when resource are rich and free to reproduce
      - logistic growth
        
        the per capita rate of population growth approaches zero as the population suze nears the carrying capacity (K)
        
        K is determined by the limited resources and free to reproduce
        
        how population fit to logistic growth level
        
        1) when it reach the carrying capacity population stop to grow and stable
        
        2) it reach the peak and came back to carrying capacity, lack of resource and limit of reproduce
    - - changes in population size = Birth +immigrant population - death - emigrant population
  - - - death increase with population density / birth rate falls with rising density
        
        mechanism of density dependent
        
        predation
        
        predator captures more food as the population density of the prey increases
        
        territoriality
        
        territoriality can limit population density when space becomes the resources for which individuals compete
        
        disease
        
        transmission rate of a disease increase as a population become more crowded
        
        intrinsic factor
        
        intrinsic physiological factors can regulate population size
        
        competition for resources
        
        increasing population, density competition rise for nutrients and other resources
        
        toxic wastes
        
        ethanol and yeast - ethanol is toxic to yeast and contributes to density dependent regulation of yeast
      - population dynamic - population fluctuation
        
        stability
        
        fluctuation
    - - does not change with population density
  - - - relative number of individuals of each age in the population
        
        slow grow
        
        0 - 50 years old people are almost same but older people are relatively fewer.
        
        no grow
        
        mid level of age population if relatively higher than other age group
        
        rapid grow
        
        infants of young age population is relatively high then older people
    - - population is still growing but human have limited resources and land.
        
        ecological footprint
        
        concept summarize the aggregate to produce all resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates
    - - 1804 - 1 bil
      - 1927 - 2 bil
      - 1500 ad - 0.5 bil
      - 1960 - 3 bil
      - 1000 bc - 0.05 bil
      - 1974 - 4 bil
      - 5000 bc - 0.005 bil
      - 1987 - 5 bil
      - 2011 - 7 bil
      - 1999 - 6 bil
      - it takes about 12 year to increase the 1 billion people / it is still growing (not yet carrying capacity level)
- - - - goose which sit on the egg
    - - duck follow a thing that see first at born think as mom
    - - baby that grap hands
      - hogno snake that spit poison
    - - pavlov's dog
    - - rat, crow banding muchine
    - - prarie dog - they make calls when predator come but if it do not heart them over and over they do not scream
    - - octopus and monkey, humans too.
    - - human, chimpanzee
  - - - how the structure was built
      - penguin - cannot fly to avoid predator
    - - how they learn to act or how they treat
      - snapping turtle using tongue
- - - - plains and prairies of central north america, many other country's plain.
      - high seasonal 30 -100 average
      - large grazers such as bison and wild horse
      - cold winter, hot summer (-10 at winter, 30 at summer)
      - grasses and forbs
    - - broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the arctic tundra
      - 30 - 70 cm // some coastal coniferous 300 cm annually.
      - -50 at winter / 20 at summer
      - coniferous are dominant.
      - many migrate bird and biome and tiger of wolf, and bear
    - - fall, winter, spring is cold (10-12 degree) // summer is hot (30 degree average)
      - shrub and small trees, many kinds of grasses and herbs
      - 30-50 cm per year, high seasonal, rainy winter and dry summer.
      - high diversity of small animals
      - midlatitude coastal region
    - - equatorial and subequatorial region
      - thorny and small leaves, adapted to dry conditions. Grass and small woody plants.
      - 24-29 degree average.
      - 30-50 cm per year
      - large plant eating mammals and predators. dominant herbivores.
    - - 0 at winter 30 at summer averagel
      - they has distinct vertical layer diverse trees.
      - 70 to 200 cm annually.
      - many mammals which hibernate at winter.
      - midlatitudes in the northern hemisphere
    - - 30 degree north and south
      - low and high precipitation, generally less than 30cm
      - temperature go over 50 when its hot and go down to -30 when its cold
      - low, widely scattered vegetation. which adopted to dry condition.
      - common desert animal animal, insect, lizard.
    - - -30 at winter, and 10 at summer
      - mostly herbaceous and mixture of mosses, grasses and forbs
      - 20-60 cm / 100 cm in alpine tundra
      - large grazing musk oxen are resident / predator - bears, wolves, foxes.
      - areas of arctic / high wind and lower temp called alpine tundra
    - - 25-29 average.
      - home to million species (a lot of species)
      - rain forest - 200-400cm // dry forest 150-200 cm annually.
      - human have long had thriving communities in tropical forest
      - equatorial and subequatorial region
  - - - flow pattern combined with the sediment carried by river and tidal waters create a complex network
      - saltmarsh grasses and algae, and phytoplankton
      - salinity varies spatially within estuaries
      - abundance of worms, oysters, crabs, and many fish species that human consume
      - transition area between river and sea
    - - the substrates of intertidal zone are rocky and sandy.
      - high diversity and biomass of attached marine algae inhabit rocky intertidal zones
      - oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high
      - rocky environmental have adapted to attach hard. / muddy - worm and clams.
      - periodically submerged and exposed by the tides
    - - heardwater narrow and rocky bottom / down water wide and silty bottom.
      - rich in phyplankton or rooted aquatic plants
      - head water rich in oxygen / down stream subtantial oxygen and organic enrichment.
      - great diversity of fishes
      - characterized of streams and rivers is by the speed and volume of their flow
    - - this biome covers 70% of earth surface
      - most are phytoplakton and bacteria
      - oxygen high / nutrient low
      - zooplankton and marine animals
      - vast realm of open blue water
    - - basin wet land- shallow basin / riverine wetland - along shallow and flooded banks / finge wetland - coast of large lakes, and seas
      - water saturated soil favor which have adaptation enabling them to grow in water or in soil
      - water and soil are periodicaly low in dissolved oxygen.
      - diverse community of bird, and many organism
      - inundated by water at least that plants adapted to water-saturated soil
    - - need solid substrate for attachment.
      - unicellular algae live within the tissues of the corals
      - coral require high oxygen levels and nutrients level
      - corals, diverse of cnidarian, and predominant animal to coral
      - photic zone - tropical marine environment
    - - Oilgotrophic lake tent to have less surface area than eutrophic
      - littoral zone - well lit waters close to shore // limnetic zone - inhabited by a variety of phytoplankton
      - Oligotrophic lakes - nutrient poor and rich oxygen // Eutrophic lake - nutrient rich and poor oxygen
      - in the limnetic zone, small drifiting feterotrophs, or zooplankton, graze
      - standing bodies of water range
    - - seaweed and filamentous algae
      - neritic benthic communities include numerous invertebrates and fishes.
      - soft sediments cover most of the benethic zone
      - organic enrichment, oxygen is usually present at sufficient concentration
      - seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal, no sunlight.
  - - - latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity
        
        angle of sunlight make the difference of temperature
        
        equator which is receiving sun light in straight angle and it is most hot region.
        
        south and north pole which do not receive sunlight and it is really cold
        
        south and north 23.5 is the tropic line and there temperature is fit to human to live.
      - global air circulation and precipitation patterns.
        
        air circulation let temperature to be stay in some points and it makes diverse climate.
        
        from 30 degree wind goes to the middle and to the pole.
        
        dry air descent and it capture moisture in the air
        
        moist air ascent and release the moisture as a air.
      - tilt of earth
        
        earth do not stand straight at the space it lay down about 15 degree.
        
        this makes the season in the earth.
        
        4 seasons
        
        june
        
        northern hemisphere tilts to the sun (southern pole which tilt against sun cannot receive sun for few month) northern hemisphere is summer this time
        
        september
        
        same as march
        
        march
        
        equator face sun directly, neither pole tilt to the sun all earth have 12 hours of daylight and night
        
        december
        
        northern hemisphere tilt to away from sun southern hemisphere is summer this time
      - water circulation
        
        ocean
        
        ocean have a circulation of warm water and cold water. this regulate the temperature of earth.
        
        rain
        
        mountain is deeply related with rain
        
        rain shadow
        
        1) cool air flows inland from ocean(water), moderating temperature near the shore.
        
        2) air meet mountain flows upward, cooling at the high altitudes and release water(rain)
        
        3) sloping down to inland the air do not contain much moisture.