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Immuno- Exam 3 (Vaccines (Adjuvants (Chemical added to a vaccine to…

- - - - Pros
        
        Can be used in patients with weak immune systems
      - Cons
        
        Weak immune response
        
        Need a lot of microbe
    - - Use Purified antigen from infectious microbe; toxoids
- - - - Found on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and Kupffer cells
      - Can activate phagocytosis, inflammation, and ADCC
    - - Found in exocrine secretions
      - J protein- Connects dimers
      - poly-Ig receptor (plgR)- Found on mucosal epithelial cells
      - Secretory IgA is created by cleavage of plgR that includes IgA dimers and part of plgR receptor
      - Neutralization of Pathogens and Toxins
        
        IgA and IgG can prevent attachment of pathogens
  - - - Transports IgG from mother to fetus
      - IgG binding is pH sensitive
- - - - Most plasma cells die off after a month; Some receive IL-6 from stromal cells and live for years
  - - - When a pathogen alters its antigens to avoid immune response
      - Can be triggered by mutations
      - Can be triggered in gene expression
    - - Memory Cells persist in absence of antigen but need cytokines to signal replenishment
- - - - Granzymes
        
        Enzymes that induce apoptosis in target cell
      - perforin
        
        Protein that forms pores in target cell membrane
  - - - Requires two signals
        
        Signal 1: IFN-gamma- Cytokine binding
        
        Signal 2: CD40 on macrophage TH1 cell
      - Activation induces macrophage phagocytosis
    - - If naïve B cell with correct antigen-MHC class II is present, the TFH forms a CD40 ligand synapse with B cell CD40
      - Naïve B cell is activated and differentiates into plasma or memory cells and proliferates
- - - - MHC with antigen binds matching TCR and co-receptor
    - - Co-stimulatory B7 ligand on professional APC binds CD28 receptor on T cell
      - Lack of signal 2
        
        If signal 1 is present and signal 2 is absent, then the T cell becomes anergic.
    - - T cells stop expression CD28 receptor and begin expressing CTLA4 receptor
        
        CTLA4 receptor binds B7 ligands much better than CD28 receptor
        
        CTLA4 prevents further action
        
        T Cell Remains attached to professional APC and proliferates for several days
        
        This results in swollen lymph nodes
  - - - APC must both present antigen using MHC and express B7 ligand
        
        T cell interacts with many APCs until finding an APC presenting a matching antigen and B7 ligand
        
        T cell remains bound to APC while prroliferating
  - - - Proucee IL-2 and IFN-gamma
      - Activate macrophages, inflammation response
    - - IL-4
      - Activate eosinophils, basophils, and B cells
    - - IL-21
      - Activate neutrophils
    - - Activate B cell
- - - - Th1 cells respond and control infection very well
    - - Th2 cells respond and cannot control the infection
- - - - Small group (10-100) healthy people to analyze dosage and side effects
      - Phase II
        
        Small (~100) group of diseased people for effectiveness
        
        Phase III
        
        Large group (~1000) of diseased people
        
        Phase IV
        
        Drug on market
- - - - Thymus-independent antigens
        
        Partial Activation
        
        Thymus-independent (TI) antigens only partially activate B cells
        
        Does not require T helper cells
        
        Only secrete IgM
        
        TI-1 antigens
        
        Surface immunoglobulin and PRR on same B cell bind pathogen
        
        TI-2 antigens
        
        Surface immunoglobins specific for repetitive carbohydrates or repetitive proteins binds pathogen in several places
      - Thymus-dependent antigens
        
        Full activation
        
        B cell receptors have two functions in lymph nodes
        
        Bind antigen to start signal cascade to nucleus
        
        Internalize antigen to present on MHC class II
        
        If TFH cell finds B cell presenting proper antigen, then they form a conjugate pair
        
        Requires T helper cell
        
        Finding a thymus-dependent Antigen
        
        B cells enter lymph node and encounter FDCs
        
        FDCs can hold intact antigens for months for B cells to check
        
        FDCs are great at storing and displaying antigens due to large surface area and no phagocytosis
        
        Iccosomes (immune-complex coated bodies) for when FDC coats antigens
        
        Immunological Response
        
        Immunological synapse
        
        B cell MHC class to T cell receptor
        
        B cell CD40 binds to T cell CD40
        
        B cell ICAM-1 - T cell LFA-1
        
        Medullary B cell maturation
        
        If T helper cell and B cell move to medullary center, B cell fully & quickly activates
        
        Most B cells in medullary center do not class switch
        
        All B cells express BLIMP-1 to shut down somatic hyper variation, class switching, and proliferation before leaving lymph node
        
        Germinal Center Activation of B cells
        
        If B ell plus helper T cell move to germinal center, B cell begins class switching and somatic hyper variation
        
        Some B cells become plasma cells and others become memory cells
        
        B cells proliferate within the germinal center
        
        Leaving the germinal center
        
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