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C3 (pH (Scale (pH < 7 - acidic, pH = 7 - neutral, pH > 7 - alkaline,…

- - - - First part
        
        Metal in base
        
        Ammonium if base is ammonia
      - Second part
        
        Chloride for hydrochloric acid
        
        Sulphate for slphuric acid
        
        Nitrate for nitric acid
        
        Phosphate for phosphoric acid
  - - - Metal appears to dissolve
      - Bubbles produced
  - - - Partially ionised
      - Oly small fraction (1-2%) of molecules release H⁺ ions
      - e.g. ethanoic acid
    - - Fully ionised
      - All molecules release H⁺ ions
      - e.g. nitric acid
    - - Amount of solute in given volume of solution
      - Dilute acid - low ratio of acid to solution
      - Concentrated acid - high ratio of acid to solution
      - Concentration of H⁺ ions × 10 = pH - 1
- - - - Ions from dissolved ionic compound
      - Hydrogen & hydroxide ions from water
    - - Hydrogen produced
      - UNLESS less reacitve metal present
    - - Oxygen produced
      - UNLESS group 7 element present
- - - - Heat energy released
      - Temperature of surroundings increases
      - e.g. combustion, neutralisation
    - - Heat energy absorbed
      - Temperature of surroundings decreases
      - e.g. photosynthesis
  - - - energy from surroundings < energy to surroundings
      - Overall energy transferred to surroundings
      - Negative energy change (particles lose energy)
      - Products have less energy than reactants
    - - energy from surroundings > energy to surroundings
      - Overall energy transferred from surroundings
      - Positive energy change (particles gain energy)
      - Products have more energy than reactants
- - - - Prodcuts leave the reaction
      - e.g. hydrogen gas escapes
    - - Substances react with gas
      - e.g. combustion