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Divvey Group Findings #8 (Rivkin (School Enrollment Patterns since 1968…
Divvey Group Findings #8
Martin
Public Polcies, Individual Practices, and Racial Segregation
"In addition to the federal policies, there was also other practices that limited Blacks' access to various housing markets and concentrated far too many into a largely rental market in vertical ghettos across America's urban landscape".
“When black teenager Eugene Williams crossed the invisible boundary between the Black and White beaches, some Whites responded by throwing stones. Williams drowned, and the event set off days of rioting.” (Martin, 3-4)
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Segregatory Realism
•We conclude this article with working tenets of “segregatory realism,” a realism that may address the segregation across sectors, especially housing and education, and that might serve thought interested in conceptualizing and renegotiating the ways in which reform is approached. ( Martin 2017, pg 6)
“Without equity, however, equality is a childish illusion.” (Martin, 8)
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Rivkin
“Today, questions about the effects of changes in housing patterns and recent Supreme Court decisions that weaken desegregation efforts remain central to discussions of educational opportunity and racial achievement gaps.”
“On the first issue, more specifically, have changes over time in housing and school attendance patterns reduced the isolation of black children in the public schools? The answer depends on the specific way progress is measured.”
“One can say—without much scholarly help at all—that racial segregation is undoubtedly harmful to the well-being of a multi-ethnic society that aspires to equal opportunity for all. But if one digs deeper to measure the adverse effects of segregation on the learning of African American students, a topic to which Coleman gave full attention, then one can only reach cautious judgments.”
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The Trend Data
“How is it that segregation continued to decline as the expo- sure rate fell? The explanation can be found in the dramatic change in the composition of the public school population (see Figure 1c).”
“Between 1968 and 2012, the percentage white of overall student enrollment in public schools dropped from 80 percent to 51 percent. Between 1988 and 2012, when the exposure index slid 9 percentage points (from 36 percent to 27 percent), the white percentage of all public-school enroll- ment tumbled by 20 percentage points (from 71 percent to 51 percent).”
“As the white population was becoming older, other groups were capturing an ever-larger share of the student population. African Americans were not replacing whites— their share of the school-age population edged upward by less than 1 percentage point over the entire 44-year time period.”
“The steps taken to desegregate schools and increase black student exposure to white students were not strong enough after 1980 to offset the demographic shifts that were increas- ing the amount of contact between both whites and blacks and the children of immigrants from Latin America, Asia, and elsewhere.”
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In 1954, the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education found legally segregated schools to be unconstitutional, but it was not until the legislative and executive branches put the full strength of the federal government behind desegregation efforts, by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that serious progress was made in the South
Milliken v. Bradley (1974), the Supreme Court found that de facto segregation, which occurred as the result of residential decisions made by individuals, did not violate the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution’s 14th Amendment.
The Court also decided that school districts could not be held constitutionally responsible for low student achievement in segregated settings (Missouri v. Jenkins, 1995)