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Urban Poverty (Causes of Poverty (Defined as annual income for a family of…
Urban Poverty
Causes of Poverty
Defined as annual income for a family of four
- measured directly by social indicators of well-being
India: expenditure required by average household to meet specified minimum nutritional norm measure (calories)
The poor suffers from:
- isolation in depopulated wasteland
- economic distress
- high level of unemployment
- high rates of single parenthood
- gangs and violence
- widespread drug and alcohol use
Poverty is measured by:
- proportion living below 50% of national median income
- percentage of people live below 60 years old
- percentage illiteracy between 16-65 years old
- long term unemployment in the labor force
Increase in poverty due to:
- major flight to suburb
- an influx of poor migrants and immigrants
- shift of economy to professional from manufacturing
- uneven development
Comparable measures of poverty from quality of life
- availability of adequate housing
- healthcare
- potable water
- level of infant mortality
Absolute term poverty: fixed level of income
Relative poverty: comparison of individual situation, disadvantaged and history
Causes of poverty
- easy installment plan
- household debt is higher than income
- youth employment is higher than total unemployment
- lower child level of education compared to parents
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Implications of Poverty
To individual:
- food and beverages
- gross rent, fuel, power
- medical care and health expenses
- transport and communication
To urban society:
- inequality in wealthy and poor
- unequal distribution of resources, people, wealth
- social polarization: reducing in the dual population - one is increasingly affluent and low-level service jobs
- changes in state benefits compared to labor market earnings
- rapid urbanization and structural urban transformation
- Different rate of earning of different occupational groups
- changes in household composition
- level of unemployment
- increase in paid work by married woman (women RTW)
- changing balance in manufacturing and service sector employment
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