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Outside relations of the crusader states from 1149 (The Latin west (Count…
Outside relations of the crusader states from 1149
The Byzantine Empire
Manuel and Baldwin III
Baldwin was horrified by Reynald's actions in Cyprus
Asked Manuel for a bride to bring two groups closer
Manuel gave him his nephew, Theodora
dowry may have included byzantine help against Nureddin and Reynald to pay for actions in Cyprus
1158: Manuel's revenge on Reynald
surprised franks but marcihng to Antioch
Reynald knew resistance was futile so begged for forgiveness and promised to hand over the citadel
Manuel made Reynald dress as a penitent wait to meet Manuel in person
Reynald made to provide troops for Byzantine army, hand over citadel when necessary and allow greek patriarch in Antioch instead of a latin one
After Baldwin went north to meet Manuel
meeting went well and Baldwin given many gifts
1159: easter meeting
Manuel gave gifts to Baldwin
Baldwin part of procession after Manuel's entry into Antioch
Alliance struck between the two
Manuel promised help against Nureddin
After, Manuel went straight to Nureddin for alliance against their mutual enemy, the seljuk turks
this meant that he had useful alliance against Seljuks and alliance against Nureddin if he was unreliable
he knew Franks couldn't attack Nureddin without his help
Now felt that eastern borders were secured
1176: Battle of Myriokephalon
1174: death of Nureddin
strengthened position of Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan II in Anatolia
Manuel's diplomacy no longer relevant in area
Danishmends came to Manuel for help
negotiations lasted for 2 years before Manuel agreed to help
Marched to Seljuk Frontier
Seljuks offered him peace but he pressed forward
Seljuks had strategic high places
Byzantine forces in narrow ass beyond fortress of Myriokephalon
seljuks attacked and made roads impassable = killing began
day after Kilij Arslan sent a horse for Manuel
ceasefire agreed
Manuel had to agree to destroy his fortresses at Dorylaeum and Sublaeum
consequences
Manuel lost respect and died in 1180
could no longer regain Anatolia
reduced influence in Outremer
internal situation
after death, Manuel left his wife, Maria of Antioch, as a regent for his son Alexios II
Maria became a nun and got a Latin lover
Maria Komnenus, Manuel's daughter, felt she was rightful air
these factors combined with hositility between Greeks and Latins in Constantinople = warfare
Andronikus Komnenus stepped in
used anti-western sentiment and uprisings against Latin quarters to his advantage
eliminated rivals = emperor would not longer help Outremer
strained relationship after 1st crusade
franks were jealous of Byzantine's wealth but needed their support in protection and expansion
Manuel had more important priorities
deal with Seljuk Turks in Anatolia and rebuild empire
reflected in his policy making with Nureddin
Sicilians wanted to take possession from Manuel
friendship with Conrad II helped this
tried to mend schism between East and West but didn't work
contend with problems on Balkan border
Had to deal with incursions on his land by frankish princes such as Reynald and attempt to take Egypt with Amalric
Manuel and Amalric
helped Amalric in campaigns against Egypt
By 1169 Saladin was vizier and Amalric and Manuel launched joint attack
Made sense because would secure frankish southern border and provide revenue
Manuel in it for the money as well
siege of Damietta went slowly
probably because Amalric wanted Manuel to leave before the end so Franks could gain the spoils
this did not affect their relationship
allies ran out of food before Egyptians
byzantines tried final attack
didn't work and Garrison paid allies to leave
Egypt remained in Muslim hands
1171: ventured to Egypt again
failed
1171: Amalric went to Constantinople for aid
West were not giving it
Needed help because now surrounded by Muslims
In meeting Amalric recognised he was a servant of the empire
Jerusalem now satellite of Byzantine Empire
very good for Byzantine Empire
The Latin west
Count Thierry of Flanders
Although west could not crusade, lords were still willing to crusade
arrived in time to relieve Muslim attack at castle of Krak des Chevaliers with Baldwin III, which was in Hospitaller hands
After earthquakes of 1157 tried to take Shaizar w/ Baldwin and Reynald
earthquake killed ruling family of Shaizar which was now in Assassin hands
Franks quickly took the town
Franks then fought over ownership and abandoned it
Count Thierry VS Jerusalem Barons
Nureddin took it instead
Then took Harem 30 miles from Aleppo
campaigned near Damascus and elsewhere
Thierry returned to Outremer in 1164 but would not settle there and not have that much impact
The Crusade of Count Philip of Flanders
Reason for going
was Count Thierry's son = his pedigree meant he was likely to want to go
was Baldwin IV's cousin so had links to the royal family
gave him a right to have a say in the succession crisis
took the cross after hearing of Amalric's death in 1174
rebellions on his land prevented him going until 1177
arrived at Acre
No prospect of becoming King of Jerusalem
1176: Baldwin IV's sister married William de Montferrat
William was wealthy + well connected noble
marriage provided security of succession
their offspring would inherit Jerusalem
this marriage meant Philip no longer had viable claim to being King of Jerusalem
William died in 1177 = succession problems worsened
aims of crusade would be to take some land or piety
Situation at home
His brother Peter had died meaning there was no one to defend his lands when he was gone
Was on good terms with Henry II
Philip travelled to England to pray at the shrine of Thomas Becket
secured his lands and helped protect relations from King Louis who was scheming against him
meant he couldn't stay in Outremer for good
On arrival situation in Outremer was bad
asked to lead the army but preferred to take orders from regent
if he had accepted he would have been in Outremer for over a year
were about to attack Egypt
Philip suggested attack on Syria
good idea because Saladin had emptied his norther fortresses of soldiers to protect Egypt
This didn't happen and Byzantines demanded Philip's oath of participation in Egypt campaign
BUT Byzantine fleet withdrew at beginning of winter and Egypt was cancelled
Philip left with Outremer in worse situation than when he arrived
his crusade had achieved nothing
The situation in Western Europe c1149-87
1152: King Louis and Eleanor of Aquitane divorced after returning to france
Eleanor then married Henry, Count of Anjou who she had 5 sons with
Her lands added to his made Henry the most powerful monarch of the age
He then became Henry II King of England
After marriage, Henry's and Louis's relationship was very strained
Louis's son, Philip, tried to undermine Henry's power by playing him off his sons
Henry also fell out with pope over Thomas Beckett
This meant that French and English could not answer call for help because they were too busy fighting each other
The mission of Archbishop Frederick of Tyre to the west
Shirkuh's capture of Egypt and assassination of Shawar
franks launched mission to the West
they needed help because were encircled by Nureddin from Aleppo to Egypt
Archbishop Frederick of Tyre was chosen because of his seniority
1169: Frederick met with Pope
appeal mentioned close ties of families in Outremer and the west
also mentions concerns for pilgrims to Jerusalem
Worked because Pope Alexander issued papal bull, Inter omnia
called for people to crusade in person instead of just sending money
Papal Bull was clearly targetting Louis and Henry
Henry
had links to ruling family of Jerusalem
Amalric was Fulk of Anjou's son and therefore Henry's Uncle
Henry's ancestors included Robert of Normandy, First Crusader
Louis
louis considered himself a successior of Charlegmane
offer of being protector of Jerusalem would have played on his piety
Neither could leave their lands easily because of the tension between them
before Frederick arrived some diplomacy to pave the way for joint crusade
This continued of Frederick's arrival
BUT tension between Henry and Becket resurfaced and Becket was murdered
all hopes for crusade was lost
Crusade appeal of Pope Alexander III
1180: Louis died
Philip took over at 15 = Philip II
Philip couldn't go because he had disputes with Flanders
caused by disaster at Jacob's ford and death of Manuel
Henry couldn't go either
if he wnet of crusade and Baldwin died he would have to stay there and he didn't want to
Mission of Patriarch Heraclius and Holy Orders to the West
Outremer was getting weaker
Baldwin IV did not have long to live and Baldwin V was only a child
Saladin was rising and Andronikus (anti-latin) was now emperor
travelled west and met Pope Lucius III in 1184
kings of France and England could yet again not go on crusade
Pope issued crusade bull