Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

B6 (Genetic engineering (Method (Checking (Gene for antibiotic resistance…

- - - - Gene for antibiotic resistance also added to plasmid
      - Bacteria grown on plate containing antibiotic
      - Colonies present will survive as they have the marker gene
  - - - Gene taken from daffodil
      - Produces beta-carotene, used for vitamin A
    - - Gene from bacteria into maize
      - Produce protein that is poisonous to pests
- - - - Removal of hedgerows
      - Herbicides/pesticides
    - - Fertilisers cause algal bloom
      - No light, plants die, oxygen levels falls
      - Eutrophication
  - - - IUCN 'Red List'
      - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
    - - Genetic diversity difficult
      - Not suitable for release into wild
  - - - Crusty lichen = high pollution
      - Leafy lichen = moderate pollution
      - Bushy lichen = clean air
    - - Mayfly = unpolluted
      - Shrimp = low pollution
      - Flatworm = moderate pollution
      - Sludgeworm = high pollution
- - - - Protozoa
      - Plasmodium
      - Mosquito vector (Anopheles gambiae)
      - Flu-like symptoms, anaemia, jaundice
      - Mosquito nets, tablets
    - - Virus
      - influenza
      - Sneezing, touching surfaces
      - Fever, headaches, fatigue
      - Antiviral drugs, RnR
    - - Bacteria
      - Hycobacterium tuberculosis
      - Sneezes, coughs, air droplets
      - Chest pain, coughing, fever
      - Antibiotics
    - - Fungus
      - Tinea pedis
      - Contact (skin to skin), surfaces
      - Itchy, flaky skin
      - Antifungal cream
- - - - Cuticle
      - Spines (e.g. cactus)
      - Cell wall
    - - Insecticides
      - Anitbacterial
      - Antifungal
  - - - Virus
      - tobacco mosaic virus
      - Mottled, discoloured leaves, poor growth
      - Spread by contact
      - Avoid contaminated soil, wash equipment
    - - Bacteria
      - Agrobacterium tumorfaciens
      - Enters roots through contaminated soil
      - Large tumour-like growths, stunted growth, death
      - Destroy infected plants, avoid planting for 2 years
    - - Fungus
      - Erysiphe graminis
      - Spread in air via spores
      - White powdery spots, reduced growth
      - Prevent with fungicide
  - - - e.g. violet bramble rust
      - Violet/borwn spots on leaves
    - - Different coloured spores
      - Appearance of spore cells
    - - Producing DNA fingerprint
      - Seperate DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis
      - DNA has negative charge, migrates to anode
      - Radioactive/fluorescent tags
    - - Antigens on surface of pathogens identified
      - e.g. ELISA test (detecting antibodies)
- - - - Fertilizers and pesticides
      - Batteries (restrict movement)
      - Using machinery
      - Fed high protein diet
    - - Avoid artificial chemicals
      - More expensive
      - Use manure as fertiliser
      - Crop rotation to let soil recover
      - Biological pesticides e.g. ladybirds
      - Pest resistant varieties
    - - Fish quotas (limits)
      - Increase mesh size, young fish can escape
    - - Plants grown in water containing minerals
      - Can be grown vertically
      - Water solution can be recycled
  - - - Increasing population
      - Changing diet
      - Climate change
      - New pests
- - - - Eutrophylls - patrol circulatory system, produce puss
      - Macrophylls - gather at certain areas
      - Engulf microorganisms
    - - Memory cells - keep ability to recognise antigens
      - Plasma cells - secrete anitbodies
    - - Natural e.g. contracting disease
      - Artificial e.g. vaccine
      - Your cells make the antibodies
    - - Natural e.g. antibodies in breast milk
      - Aritficial e.g. antitetanus vaccine
      - Antibodies given to you
    - - 1) Microbe sticks to membrane
      - 2) Microbe envelopd in vesicle called phagasome
      - 3) Microbe digested by lysosomes and excreted
    - - Forms clots
      - Changes fibrinogen protein into fibrin
      - Red blood cells get trapped in fibres to form clot
  - - - 1) One lymphocyte fits antigen
      - 2) Mitosis creates lots of lymphocytes to produce anitbodies
      - 3) Some become memory cells which remain for a long time
    - - 1) Memory cells divide rapidly into plasma cells
      - 2) Antiboides produced faster & greater concentration
      - 3) Infection is destroyed