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MICROBIAL GROWTH (WAYS TO CONTROL MICROBIAL GROWTH PHYSICALLY (HEAT…
MICROBIAL GROWTH
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ZYGOMYCOTA
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: Historically, all fungi producing a zygospore were considered to be related and placed into Zygomycota. The use of molecular phylogenetics has increasingly revealed this grouping to be paraphyletic. However, the rank (phylum or subphylum) these clades is in dispute.
DIVERSITY: Zygomycota are arguably the most ecologically diverse group of fungi. Zygomycota are terrestrial organisms. However, Zygomycota can also be found in acquatic ecosystems. While Zygomycota are largely known to humans for the negative economic impact they have on fruit, they also have some practical use.
ECOLOGY: Zygomycota are arguably the most ecologically diverse group of fungi. Zygomycota are terrestrial organisms. They live close to plants, usually in soil and on decaying plant matter.
DEUTEROMYCOTA
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: The Deuteromycota is a heterogeneous group of unrelated species in which sexual reproduction has never been observed. Since mycologists refer to the "perfect phase" of a life cycle as the phase in which sexual reproduction occurs, these fungi are often referred to as imperfect fungi.
DIVERSITY: Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis. There are about 25,000 species that have been classified in the deuteromycota and many are basidiomycota or ascomycota anamorphs.
ECOLOGY: Most imperfect fungi are believed to be related to the sac fungi because their conidiophores closely resemble those produced by the sac fungi during their sexual phase. The imperfect fungi are not placed in the Ascomycota phylum because classification of that group is based on the morphology of sexual structures which the Deuteromycota do not have.
- The best known fungus in this phylum is Penicillium. Some species in this genus appear as pathogenic, blue-green molds on fruits, vegetables, and cheeses. Several other species are important for the making of cheeses, such as blue cheese
BASIDIOMYCOTA
ECOLOGY: Bastidiomycota can be found in almost every terrestrial environments. They are also located in aquatic environments, both with freshwater and marine habitats. Their contributions to the decay of plant and waste materials make them an important factor in the carbon cycle.
- However, the decay also has negative impacts for humans if they attack wood structures such as houses.
- Some species of Basidiomycota are pathogens for both plants and animals. However, they are not all harmful. Some form symbiotic relationships with the roots of vascular plants. The bastidiomycota help the plants obtain nutrients from the soil, and in return recieve sugars produced through photosynthesis. Bastidiomycota also form symbiotic relationships with insects.
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: Chytridiomycota are unusual among the Fungi in that they reproduce with zoospores. For most members of Chytridiomycetes, sexual reproduction is not known. Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of zoospores (presumably) derived through mitosis.
DIVERSITY: The Chytridiomycota, often called chytrids, are unique among all fungi in having motile stages in their life cycles; no other fungi have this trait. These motile stages take the form of zoospores, single cells with a single posterior (at the rear) flagellum.
ECOLOGY: Chytridomycota usually inhabit freshwater ecosystems. In fact, they are dependent on the presence of water to survive. However, Chytridiomycota often dwell within host organisms, which can be plants or animals. They live saprophytically and parasitically. Because Chytridiomycota often feed on decaying organisms, they are important decomposers.
- Chytridiomycota can also have a negative impact on human produce, particularly Synchytrium endobioticum, the species that causes potato wart. Others, such as Olpidium brassicae(the "Big Vein" virus in lettuce), are parasitic, but actually do little damage to the host organism as a whole.
- While this is not true of all species, some, such as Rhizophlyctis rosea and Allomyces anomalus have structures that allow them to survive draughts or excessive heat.
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MICROBIAL EVOLUTION: The phylum Ascomycota is by far the largest group in the fungal kingdom. Ecologically important mutualistic associations such as mycorrhizae and lichens have evolved in this group, which are regarded as key innovations that supported the evolution of land plants.
DIVERSITY: There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota. The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the ascus, though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle.
ECOLOGY: Although certain species live in very specific locations, Ascomycota can be found on all continents. They often form symbiotic relationships with algae, plant roots, and the leaves or stems of plants
- However, they do not limit these relationships to plant organisms; they are also known to form them with arthropods. While Ascomycota includes many useful organisms such as fission yeast, baker's yeast, morels, and truffles, it can also account for most animal and plant pathogens
- Ascomycota contains the species Magnaporthe grisea, which is considered the most destructive pathogen of rice