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AO1 - Musical forms and devices (Musical Devices (Ornaments (Upper mordent…
AO1 - Musical forms and devices
Musical periods
Classical (1750-1820)
The major-minor tonal system was now in full use. It was employed to control longer musical forms such as the sonata.
Instrumental forms included symphonies, concertos, string quartets and piano sonatas.
Public performances became much more common, and special concert halls were built
The piano replaced the harpsichord as the preferred keyboard instrument.
The standard symphony orchestra was established.
Musical language was simplified and more direct. Contrapuntal forms were used less.
Romantic (1820-1900)
There was a focus on the emotional impact of the music.
Increasingly complex and chromatic harmonies
Larger orchestras and choirs. Composers wanted a variety of tone colours and sought to create the full pitch range for every timbre. Instruments such as the bass clarinet were created to achieve this.
The characteristics of folk music from different countries became incorporated into the classical world. Nationalism was born.
Baroque (1600-1750)
The major-minor tonal system is developed
Counterpoint was widely used.
The birth of opera as a form of entertainment for the middle classes.
The violin family was the main choice for instrument ensemble. The harpsichord became the main keyboard instrument.
Longer compositions led to experiments with structure.
Include composers such as G. G. Handel, J. S. Bach, and D. Scarlatti
Musical forms
Minuet and trio form (AABB,CCDD,AB)
A combination of binary and ternary form, where both the minuet and the trio are usually in binary or 'rounded binary' for but the overall structure is ternary.
Rondo form (ABACADA)
A memorable theme keeps returning while in between there are different interludes.
Ternary form (ABA)
Three sections where the third section is a copy or adapted copy of the first.
Variation form (A,A1,A2,A3)
A straightforward theme is presented and then undergoes a series of variations, sometimes becoming more complex as the movement progresses.
Binary form (AB)
Two sections that are sometimes repeated.
Strophic form (AAA)
Simple, repeated verses, or verses and choruses, that use the same music each time. E.g. hymns
Musical Devices
Contrast
E.g a complete change in texture
Anacrusis
A note or notes before the opening carline of a section of music.
An imperfect cadence
A cadence of chords I to V
Imitation
Where one part copies another
Regular phrases
Phrases that last for the same amount of time, e.g. 2 bars
Syncopation
Music that surprises by using sudden accents off the beat.
An 'Alberti' bass
A triadic pattern that is repeated and adapted according to the harmony required.
Disjunct movement
Music that involves large intervals.
Drone
A constant note or notes held on as music changes round it/them. Similar to a pedal, but more often used in folk music.
Conjunct movement
Music that involves notes moving up or down by step, following a scale pattern.
Sequence
A pattern of notes that repeats higher or lower.
Dotted rhythms
A note that extends it's value by half it's original length.
Arpeggio
The notes of a chord played one after another.
Ornaments
Upper mordent
Lower mordent
Trill
Turn
Appoggiatura
Inverted turn
Acciaccatura
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, movement 3: Minuet (Mozart)
Context
As a touring concert pianist he was highly regarded throughout Europe, but ended his days in relative poverty at the age of 35.
This Minuet and Trio movement comes from a serenade for strings written in Vienna in 1787. The title for the serenade of Eine Kleine Nachtmusik comes from a note Mozart made in his personal catalogue.
During his short life he wrote music in most genres, including opera, church music, symphonies, concertos and chamber music.
It is the third movement out of four. In the score, the movements are titled Allegro, Romanze, Menuetto and Rondo.
The work would have been performed by a small ensemble of 2 violins, viola and cello, with optional double bass. Nowadays it is more often played by a string orchestra.
The work's main characteristic is its light and elegant style, ideal as a form of entertainment.
W. A. Mozart (1756-1791) was an Austrian composer who became known as one of the most influential figures of the Classical period and a defining figure in the history of Western music.
Bar by Bar
The Minuet and Trio should be performed Allegretto (fairly quickly). It follows the standard structure for this type of movement, with the Trio modulating to the dominant key:
Trio - CCDD - D major
Minuet - AB - G major
Minuet - AABB - G major