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Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain (The electrons are passed…
Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport Chain
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This energy is used to pump the hydrogen ions across the mitochondria membrane against the concentration gradient
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The flow of the Hydrogen ions back through the membrane protein ATP syntheses results in the synthesis of ATP from ADT and Pi molecules (34 ATP)
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Glycolysis
To start the process off, energy from 2 ATP molecules is needed (Energy investment)
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There is now a net gain of 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis are they only started off with 2 ATP molecules (Energy pay-off stage)
ATP
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Phosphorylation
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Some stage of cellular respiration pathway reactant must be phosphorylation and energised to become more reactive
ATP is essential to biological systems as it is the link between reactions that release energy (catabolic) an those that use energy (anabolic)
Energy held in the APT molecules is released when the bond attaching the terminal phosphate is broken by an enzyme action
Citric acid cycle
Krebs
If oxygen is present, pyruvate gets passed on to the citric acid cycle
CAC takes place in the fluid filled matrix of the mitochondria, which contains enzymes involved in the process
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Process
As each carbon is lost from the citrate molecule a carbon dioxide molecule and hydrogen ions are realised
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Each acetyl group (2C) from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form a molecule called citrate (6C)
Why oxygen is needed
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With 2 ATP from glycolysis (doesn't require oxygen) the yield from 1 glucose molecule oxidised is 38 ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Plants
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Cell
In plant cells the pyruvate is controlled to ethanol and carbon dioxide, this is an irreversible reaction
Animals
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Cell
In animal cells the pyruvate is converted to lactate, this is a reversible reaction
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm. It only molecules in the first stage of glycolysis so the net production is 2 ATP