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Mary I (Background (She was a devout Catholic like her mother, Catherine…
Mary I
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Background
She was a devout Catholic like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, had been
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She married Philip of Spain- cause of the Wyatt rebellion. People had divided views on the influence of Spaniards
She came to the throne in 1553, when she defeated Northumberland and Lady Jane Grey, and remained until 1558 (5 years on the throne)
She was the first female ruler in England- people feared she wouldn't be able to control faction or lead an army into battle
She was very popular in England- from her mother who was well liked. It was therefore easy for change to be willingly accepted
Religious Change
Act of Repeal 1553- immediately parliament passed this act that undid changes made by Edward back to the religious situation under the Six Articles.
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She suspended the Second Act of Uniformity (ordered the Clergy to follow Protestant) and restored mass
Introduction of Royal Injunctions in 1554- restored some traditional Catholic practices, such as Holy Days, processions and ceremonies
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The Second Act of Repeal in 1554 repealed all religious legislation made from 1526- however Mary was forced into compromise with landowners who wanted their property rights protecting (those who had bought land from the church from the dissolutions after 1536). This demonstrated that she could not ignore parliament.
The Burnings
Parliament initially rejected the heresy laws- only agreed when former monastic lands would be restored to the Church. They were introduced in 1554 and burning continued until 1555- burned 300 Protestants at the steak.
Influenced by John Foxe's Book of Martyr's which stated there was considerable opposition to the regime.
Burned Latimer & Ridley, who had supported Edward and wanted Jane Grey to be queen. Cranmer was also burned- he had ended her mother's marriage to Henry and supported Jane Grey- however this gave him the opportunity to withdraw his previous recantations- done no good to the Catholic cause.
Mary believed it was her duty to remove heresy (disbelief on the Orthodox Church)- the death of Gardiner (the Catholic Pope) led to an increase in executions- 274 heretics
Many people viewed them as a spectacle and large numbers came out to watch- it was viewed as the law taking its course
Rebellions
The Wyatt Rebellion
Opposition came from Mary's decision to marry Philip of Spain- rumours in court that a Spaniard would dominate England and be dragged into the Habsburg wars, which brought England no benefit
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Occurred in Kent, with Thomas Wyatt as leader- a member of the Kentish gentry who had gone against the monarchy with the marriage to Philip, fearful that he would lose his position. Many gentry members feared they would lose their position under Mary and saw rebellion as the only option.
Wyatt used patriarchy as a cause in order to gain the support the rebellion needed to be successful- could not use religion as a cause as the nation was religiously divided. This clearly worked when forces sent under the Duke of Norfolk joined the rebels side.
Wyatt played on people's fears about what might happen if Philip came to power- exaggerated how Spaniards would receive all the best jobs and gain access to patronage.
Avoiding religion as a cause meant that he could draw support from both sides of the religious divide- support for Protestantism was limited. leaders all had protestant sympathies, Kent was religiously radical, no prominent member of the plot was Catholic and when the rebellion reached London, rebels attacked the Catholic faction (Gardener).
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