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Chapter 2: Urban Community (How Cities Grow (Importance of city (the power…
Chapter 2: Urban Community
Emergence of Urban Community
Definition
A group that perceives themselves as having a strong and lasting bond particularly when sharing the same geographical area in the city
Different between level
of relationship (Urban vs Rural)
1.Level of participation in activities
Strength of identification among members with the perceived social bond of the group
Specific physical space understood as territory (material markers with strong emotional ties)
Features of urbanization that
lead to the emergence
Lack of walls/ fortifications around cities
Real estate development from economy of capitalism
The idealogy of privatism (individual accomplishment in community)
Large-scale foreign immigration, massive population turnover within cities
The regional dispersal of metropolis
Urbanization vs Urbanism
Urbanization
study the social activities
the increase size of population/ cities
type of city growth (gigantic/ sprawling/ explosive growth of cities based on population)
unequal city growth result in the growth of population in slum area
charting the rise and fall of cities
Urbanism aka culture of cities
way of life characterized by diversity, density, complex social organization
study of cities (geographic, economic, social and cultural environment, imprint on buildings
associated with greater understanding, consuming the arts, expensive dining, entertainment and fashion
creating human community for living, work, play and covering human aspects for urban planning
define urban areas by density of population
How Cities Grow
It has municipal council, varies depending on different systems and governance
Political power relates to their position as sites of economic activities
site of 'urban culture', presence of pedestrian and street culture
Importance of city
the power to tax, raise money via bonds and other financial instruments
hire own police force
provide all social service to residents
power of self governance, elect officials
political power of city administrators
mayors have national political clout
Definition
A bounded space, densely settled, relatively
large and culturally heterogeneous populated
Ten traits of early cities
urban settlements are dense and large
Supported craft people full-time and in specialized jobs
Farmers produce surplus, controlled by rulers
Presence of monumental building
Surplus are controlled by ruling elite and priests within the city
Centers of ideas and recording them (translating, book writing)
Centers of arts
Centers of predictive science (new finding)
City organisation based on residency, not kinship
Involves in trading (import, export)
The steps of urban growth
The colonial period vs mercantile capitalism
The industrial period vs industrial capitalism
The metropolitan period vs monopoly capitalism
Deconcentration, restructuring of settlement space within multicentered metropolitan region vs global capitalism
Factors contribute to urban growth
economic factors
transportation, construction and communication technology
political change
immigration policy
expansion into global superpower
How cities have changed
economic -> manufacturing -> nodal services -> financial investment
Changes can be seen through
economic restructuring
social restructuring
uneven development
People and Lifestyle
Diversity in lifestyle, subculture exists from:
social factors of income, gender, age and race
spatial patterns of population concentration/ dispersal
A basic tenet in sociospatial approach:
the factor of population dispersal linked to particular space
: class, gender, social means, lifestyle, and specific environment such as street corner, mall
Interaction is shaped through signs and symbols of sociospatial context
Class stratification
Important to determine the life chances in the future
Stratified society is individuals, households located within social hierarchy, determine access to resources
top hierarchy control most resources, enjoy political influence, symbolic prestige
The Wealthy/ Upper Class
multiple home ownership
isolate themselves from population, living in expensive house, security guards, controlled entrance
go to specific restaurant, social club, places for upper class
specific leisure activities in restrictive place ie country club, play golf
Middle Class and Yuppies
Professional workers
Live in suburban ie condominium
Prefer last minute shopping, fitness club, cinemas
more DIY, barbeque with friends
Working Class
some live in cities/ suburban
go to pub, associated with football and street as playgrounds
depends on public transport, hospitals, suffer declining education level
no fire, police protection, street maintenance, recreational activities
The Underclass
isolated poor, live in ghettoes in inner cities
fewer/ no prospect for better life. inadequate resources from city authority
subject to pathological consequences of city living
: public health crisis
: child abuse
: crime, murder, rape, robbery
Women, gender roles
and space
Man-made built environment - reflects towards men's activities
Offer little benefit to women,
The emergence of feminist to fight for right, create greater insight into needs of women
Women and
the environment
Space and gender extend to communities
decoration of the house as an expression of individuality
women control over environmental space at home, vulnerable outside
need for safe environment for women
Women and political economy
19th century - whole family work in factories
early 20th - women stay at home, copy upper class lifestyle
middle 20th - middle class emerged, women return to work
The emergence of type of work for women:
merchandising store ie Tesco, Mydin
service industries ie fast food chain, dry cleaners
today: bigger garage and men share domestic labour as well
outsourcing specialized household task such as child care, housecleaning