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Findings #6: Final Map (Fuller Jigsaw Group (Alternative Approaches…

- - - - I think it is good that they were valuing other cultures and how that person can do well in thieir own specific culture without them having to assimilate
    - - Religion is hard to define. If someone asked me to define it right now, I would not be able to because there are so many loopholes with it.
  - - - In my opinion...
  - - - “Since this “incorporation” the Court has been much more absolute in its rejection of religious precepts in the public schools.” (Fuller, 1994, p. 108)
    - - “If the Court does not define what constitutes a religious belief, then a religious belief is whatever anyone desires.” (Fuller, 1994, p. 98)
        
        I feel like religion is often confused with an individuals values.
    - - “The Court's inference is that the term prayer connotes religion but the term meditation or silence does not. The term "prayer" added to this statute presumably pushed children toward prayer. Incredibly, the term meditation does not appear to push a student toward meditation, although the Court acknowledged that meditation is a type of prayer. Even a moment of silence arguably encourages children to meditate or pray.” (Fuller 1993 p107)
    - - “Attendance at the Bible reading sessions was not mandatory, the children took turns reading from any version of the Bible they chose, there were no comments made, no questions asked and no explanations given.” (Fuller, 1994, p. 103)
        
        I think it is pretty wild that children originally learned how to read because they needed to learnt he bible specifically
        
        I am not very religious, but even I can admit that religion was the original education
      - “Thus, if reading the Bible is constitutional and studying morals is constitutional, one can only conclude that what is unconstitutional about these exercises is the use of the Bible to promote morals.” (Fuller, 1994, p. 104)
        
        This seems like a tricky subject to me because it is true that morals stemmed from religion. So if someone is a good person but is non religious, they still inevitably are following it partially because of their morals
  - - - In my school, there was a christian athlete organization that allowed students to practice their religion before school. as a group
    - - “3) does the statute cause an excessive entanglement with religion?” (Fuller, 1994, p. 95).
      - “1) is there a secular purpose for the contested statute?” (Fuller, 1994, p. 95).
      - “2) does the statute advance or inhibit religion?” (Fuller, 1994, p. 95).
- - - - I am curious if this is why older folks who have lived in their homes for a long time vote NO on Levys for schools.
  - - - 8th grade placement test
        
        required to attend high school
    - - This kind of holds true in public schools today, but it comes with a consequence now. Like if a student is just lazy they are not into school, they aren't getting schools full impact
- - - - My interpretation of this quote is that as more students enrolled there were not enough teachers, so parents did not like that and found alternative education options
  - - - I feel like I am in a grey area in this topic. If I worked for my money really hard and had it taxed for something that I have nothing to do with, I would feel pretty upset.
  - - - I think that this means when a school district realizes what they need to do to be better and they recreate things.
- - - - The GED began to be used for more than evaluating returning veterans and more of a solution to educational measurement.
        
        This was probably good for them because it could've helped them get jobs after returning from the war
      - The GED took over the country. Once it was recognized as a measurement of education the number of adults taking the GED would forever be greater than the number of veterans taking the battery.
        
        In todays age, I think a lot of people use the GED as a common option
      - Imperialism of the GED
        
        States often use the GED as a solution to problems it was not created to address
        
        The GED narrows the scope of a high school education into one comprehensive test
        
        Using this as such a common option can be dangerous because it may lead to students saying that they will drop out now and just get their GED later.
      - Schools were using a test designed for returning war veterans on high school students to determine if they could receive a diploma
      - One test to measure them all
        
        People were skeptical of the GED at first because they worried it might discourage students from attending school and the idea of a equivalency test for all of high school was radical at the time
        
        The GED started as a test only for veterans suffering from demobilization
        
        Today the GED is used in many circumstances and is often used to shape curriculum anf determine what high school students should be learning
        
        Very adaptable, context-less test designed to be multi-faceted
      - Colleges were giving veteran credit (to go towards a diploma) that was the equivalent of time served in war as a way to value military service, but this practice was soon stopped for fear of the value of a diploma being damaged.
        
        I never knew that the GED was created for veterans specifically
- - - - “White Southerners did, in fact, use school choice practices as a form of resistance to court-ordered desegregation” (Minow, 2011, p. 822).
        
        “They also created organizations across the South to fight the implementation of Brown and effectively threatened retaliation against anyone who advocated integration” (Minow, 2011, p. 822).
        
        By doing this I think that they used school choice for the wrong reason to avoid people of color than to actually get a better education. Whack.
      - Pierce illustrates the pattern of constitutional challenge to policies framed in universal terms but having the effect or underlying purpose of excluding or subordinating members of minority groups. ( Minow 2011, pg. 820)
      - “But the decision also produced a system in which only public schools received public funding, leaving parental choice of private schooling to private philanthropy and families with economic resources” (Minow, 2011, pp. 819)
      - “Operators of two private schools, the Catholic Society of Sisters of the Holy Name of Jesus and Mary and the Hill Military Academy, persuaded the Supreme Court in 1935 to strike down Oregon’s compulsory school law” (819).
    - - By ‘school choice,’ I mean the explicit policies granting parents and guardians the opportunity to select from among more than one option for complying with state compulsory school laws” (816).
        
        Do these families have to pay for any of these options?
      - “School choice offered an exit strategy for whites seeking to avoid school desegregation, then a strategy to incentivize voluntary racial mixing, and then an arena for killing off any form of race consciousness.” (Minow 843)
    - - “The second moment deployed school choice as a way to avoid racial desegregation; private schooling became an avenue for circumventing court- ordered school desegregation in the wake o£ Brown. Plans ostensibly allowing students to transfer across "public schools" — introducing the phrase to educational policy—did the same, but produced essentially no movement between historically black and historically white schools.” (Minow 821)
        
        Would this be considered open enrollment?
    - - “Yet magnet schools have also created new difficulties. As a device to promote racial balance in previously segregated or racially isolated schools, magnet programs sometimes produce diverse enrollments while reducing diversity in the nonmagnet schools” (Minow, 2010, pp. 826).
      - “School choice initiatives took the forms of vouchers and magnet schools during the 1970s and 1980s and reflected designs to open up better educational options for students confined to failing inner-city public schools” (Minow, 2011, p. 825).
        
        In Cleveland where I am from, some of my friends who lived in bad neighborhoods would receive vouchers to go to the private schools in neighboring cities.
      - “School system designers sought to harness the appeal of "choice" in a kind of "soft paternalism," enticing white parents to choose public urban schools by endowing them with special programs and drawing black, Hispanic, and immigrant students out of their neighborhoods to these special schools.” (Minow 824)
      - “Criteria such as mandatory parental involvement and inadequate transportation skew enrollments in specialized schools toward disproportionately white and wealthier families” (Minow 828)
        
        This seems like systematic racism to me..
        
        Making it more difficult for people of color to be admitted due to certain requirements they cannot meet.
    - - “The Supreme Court had permitted public aid to students enrolled in religious schools if public school personnel offered standardized tests and speech, hearing, and psychological services'* and provided services mandated by the state outside the campus of the religious school” (Minow, 2011, p. 829).
        
        Most standardized tests are biased toward wealthy white people. The choice of questions are aimed toward their lifestyle.
        
        With that being said, how standardized can these tests actually be..
      - “This view should be distinguished from the conception that religion should never be treated differently from other personal views or commitments. Christopher Eisgruber and Lawrence Sager argue that equality would forbid the government from treating religion differently from any other category even if that difference takes the form of a preference or accommodation” (830).
      - “Participating private schools also agreed neither to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, or ethnic background, nor to teach hatred of any person or group on the basis of race, religion, or ethnicity” (Minow, 2010, pp. 831).
        
        I think it is good that they are doing this, but first it should be made easier for minority students to be admitted.