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Chemical Tests (Anions (Nitric Acid and Silver nitrate (Method (Results…

- - - - Test must be done in solution, if solid dissolve in pure water/ dilute nitric acid. Solution acidified by adding dilute nitric acid. Silver nitrate solution added. Observe and record outcome
        
        nitric acid reacts with, and removes, other ions that might also give a confusing precipitate with silver nitrate
      - Results
        
        Cl-= White precipitate
        
        Dissolves in dilute ammonia solution
        
        Br-= Cream Precipitate
        
        Does not dissolve in dilute ammonia solution. Dissolves in concentration ammonia solution
        
        I-= Pale Yellow
        
        Doesn't dissolve in any ammonia solution no matter the concentration
        
        Can be hard to tell apart though
    - - Ionic Equation
  - - - Sulfate ion dissolved in dilute nitric acid. Barium nitrate or barium chloride is added to sulfate ions in solution
        
        Observation
        
        White Precipitate forms
  - - - Sodium Hydroxide solution is added to nitrate being tested.
        Powdered aluminium is added
      - Results
        
        Mixture bubbles, gas given off turn damp red litmus paper blue (ammonia)
  - - - Add dilute acid and if gas given off turns limewater cloudy then carbonate present.
- - - - Relights glowing splint
    - - Bubbled through limewater, white precipitate will form/ limewater will go cloudy
- - - - Take Nichrome wire and dip in concentrated HCl
        To test for leftover ions, use a blue flame, place nichrome wire on edge of flame, if any colour is produced leftover ions are present
        Again take nichrome wire and dip into concentrated HCl to get rid of any left over ions
        Take nichrome wire and dip into solid
        Place nichrome wire with solid on edge of blue flame
        Observe and record colour produced
    - - Li+ = Crimson Red
      - K+ = Lilac
      - Br+ = Lime Green
      - Na+ = Yellow
      - Cu2+ = Blue-Green
      - Ca+ = Brick Red/Orange
  - - - Method
        
        Sodium Hydroxide is added to the solution of metal ions
      - Results
        
        Fe3+ = Rusty brown precipitate
        
        Fe2+ = Dirty Green precipitate
        
        If left it will oxides further and turn rusty brown
        
        Cu2+ = Light blue precipitate
        
        Al+,Mg+,Ca+ = White precipitate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Calcium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide do not but can be distinguishable through a flame test
      - Can be used to test for NH4+ (ammonium ions)
        
        2 more items...
        
        You test the ammonia with damp red litmus paper, which turns blue in the gas.