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199.206 Fauna of New Zealand (Faunal History (History (Bortonian 42mya,…
199.206 Fauna of New Zealand
Faunal History
Wallace line- faunal line between North Australia- and Indonesia
Gneiss is a very tough rock, resistant to cracking and erosion.
Metamorphic
To cool slowly the granite must have been surrounded by other rocks, not air or water, as it formed.
Igneous
Oligocene 30mya
Oligocene bottleneck
1 kiwi, 1 moa, 1 wren
History
Bortonian 42mya
Kaitan 27mya
Duntroonian 27mya
Otaian 20mya
Waiuan 12mya
Otira 0.015mya
Phylogenetic analysis is one way of distinguishing between vicariance and dispersal
Molecular Clock’ relies on the assumption of a roughly constant rate of mutation in non-coding (or neutral) DNA.
Coconuts and crocodiles once lived in NZ!
Allocthonous terrane- terrain that has moved a great deal
Biodiversity concepts
Disjunct distribution
In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically
Rock wren- in SI, disjunct species
Mt Aspiring national park
Mt Cook national park
Sympatric distribution
Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region
Variable and pied oystercatchers
NZ Biodiversity
Components DREE
Richness- how many types?
if most of the shells are from the same species then low richness
Equitabiility-
how common or rare?
If one shell dominates then low diveristy
Disparity- how different?
Not just different, but how different?
Endemism- where?
restricted to a defined area
native- not introduced by humans; ie self sown, migrated
not restricted to political boundaries- i.e endemic to Australasia- i.e little blue penguin
Introduced species have value?- NZ could be a safe place for at risk species in other parts of the world
In NZ disparity and endemism and equitability has decreased
Richness has increased
Biogeography examples
80-85mya NZ separates from Gondwana
30-35mya Oligocene drowning
20-5mya volcanism and mountain building
3-2mya cooling climate
Species distribution patterns-
Dispersal
Vicariance
Non-operlapping
Disjunct
Extinction
Lesser short tailed bat
North, central, south
live in forest
Sympatric- overlapping
skinks- Oligosema aenum
BIOGEOGRAPHY
The study of the distribution and evolution of organisms through space and time
• “A hypothesis about an unobservable process can be tested if it predicts an observable outcome
Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence
NZ between Paleocen and Miocene 65mya to 5mya was much warmer than today
High volcanism in the Cenozaic 20mya
Rock types
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Sial & Sima
Oldest fossils 550mya Paleozoic & Cambrian
Tribolite rock 475-600mya sedimentary marine fossils foumd
Cambrian - Ordovician
Granite- igneous -ordovician
Gneiss- metamorphic- ordovician
Technostratigraohic terrains
“fault bounded geological entities of regional extent, each characterised by a geological history that is different from the histories of contiguous terranes”
Malbourgh and Southland red hills high Magneisum and Iron content making it difficult for plants to grow
Greywacke-schist; permian, triassic, jurrasic
Greywacke habitat for specalised flora and fauna
Mesozoic rocks- dates from 251-65 mya
ZELANDIA
Biological Tests
Phylogenetic tests
use information on the historical relationships of lineages (phylogenies) to test evolutionary hypotheses.
Molecular Clocks
the molecular clock is figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or amino acid sequences for proteins. The benchmarks for determining the mutation rate are often fossil or archaeological dates.
You need to know the rate of mutation
The genetic makeup of the species you are investigating
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Past distributions of species in relation to plate tectonics and climatic events
ECOLOGICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY
Present day factors behind distribution of organisms
CONSERVATION BIOGEOGRAPHY
Protection/restoration of life according to principles Paleogeography and Ecological biogeography
Freshwater fish
Diadromy- migration of fishes; seawater to freshwater
Anadromy (48%)
Amphidromy 27% Mostly in NZ, Japan Hawaii, Australia
Kokupu -F(r) larvae S F(r)
Catadromy (25%)
Eel- S(r) F S(r)
Salmon- F(r) S F(r)
Why?
Predator avoidance
Intra-specific competition
Food supply
Dispersal
Historical constraint
Accidental
Galixiidae
Galaxias- 17 species 2 Genera
Whitebait
Neochanna
Mudfish
Ana (salmon), Cata (eel), Amphi (kokupu)
Introduced
Sport & Recreation
Food
Pest control
Marine Fauna
Inventory
Exploration of the sea and its fauna, and the naming of species, started with the first Polynesian explorers and still continues today
Discovering new species
Exploitation
of some species began simultaneously with inventory and today the majority of scientific research on marine fauna concerns its harvest; how to find the fish and how to manage the harvest sustainably.
Ecological research
into the physical and biological processes that sustain these resources started (unfortunately) much later.
Conservation
of marine resources, whether through marine reserves or the quota management system, will form an increasing component of marine research in the future.
16000km of coastline
4.8millionkm2 EEZ
3rd largest EEZ
200nmile EEZ (370km)
Penguins
Paleocene- Eocene 66-34mya
Oligocene 34-23mya
6-8 degrees warmer than today
Zelandia- penguins thrived in a drowned Zelandia
Ancient penguins
Miocene-Pliocene 23-3 mya
Pleistocene to today 2.5 mya
E.minor
Cooling- icing over of Antarctica
Eocene-56-34mya
Alpine Fauna
Tundra
lichen never freezes
Taiga
bit more plant growth than tundra
The bulk of the NZ alpine scene was from 25mya- the Miocene period
Bergman rule- animals tend to be larger in colder climates
Kea
Takahe
Huttons shearwater
Alpine Geckos and Skinks
8-10 species up to 1000m
Alpine Fish
Wildlife diseases
Genetic
Nutritional
Pathogenic
Viral
Bacterial
Fungal
Protozoal
Parasites
Toxic
Agent-environment-host cell
GNPT
Diadromy- migration of fishes seawater to freshwater