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Egypt review 2 (Social Organization (Peasant Farmers (Made up majority of…
Egypt review 2
Social Organization
The Pharaoh
Living God
Pinnacle of social pyramid
Owner of all lands and citizens, bestower of all public offices, leader of all armies, high priest to all Gods
Priests and Scribes
Educated
Religious functions were delegated to Priests
Scribes collected taxes, kept records, educated the young, organized rations, read hieroglyphs
Peasant Farmers
Made up majority of population
Illiterate
Pay received was just enough to live by, lost large amounts to rent and taxes
Served corvee duty
Craftspeople
Some worked in cities others in palaces
Produced many of the goods Egyptian traders carried into foreign territory
Weavers, sandal-makers, jewellers, carpenters, stonemasons, silver-smiths
Slaves
Prisoners of war
Could be set free if their master decided
Male and female slaves had different roles
Nobles and Military leaders
Highest positions in bureaucracy
Important families controlled most influential offices and passed these positions along to family members
Oversee property and storehouses of a God, serve as steward to the pharaoh, supervise engineering and construction works
Urban and Rural living
Clothing and Cosmetics
Farmers wore nothing on hot days
Cotton loincloths on less got days
Dark wigs to protect from the sun, sometimes for special occasions.
Rich people wore linen as it was breathable.
Both males and females more makeup and perfume.
Females wore nail polish and lip stick.
Housing
Peasants lived in one to two room bungalows made of mud brick and palm wood.
Nobles and other high classes lived in multi story buildings made of mud brick and palm wood. Entrance hall, anti-chamber and central living room. Most buildings had bathrooms with a toilet. Walls were painted in colourful scenes.
Nobles and other high classes had out buildings that featured: servants quarters, kitchens, stables, workrooms and store rooms.
Outer staircases led to the roof of buildings, where families spent most of their time.
Hygiene
Bathe twice a day
Professions
Most urban professions included skilled traits, including: furniture makers, weavers, potters, brick makers, carpenters, stonemasons, jewellers and boat-builders.
Most rural people were almost exclusively farmers.
the sciences
technology
medicine
had specific doctors for different diseases, illnesses and injuries
prayer was used as their first treatment before anything else
mummification taught them most things they knew about human anatomy
mathematics
had a base 10 system
1, 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, 100 000, 1 000 000
time
measured out year according to flooding of Nile River
calendar was really similar to ours, except they kept 5 days at the end of the year to celebrate
did not have minutes/hours
Everyday life
The Family
Marriage
Marriage often occurred in the same social class or even family
Men married at around 20
Women were married younger than men
Marriage did not occur between brother ans sister, but did happen between cousins
Some arranged marriages
No ceremony, but there were family parties
Polygamy was uncommon, but legal
Children
Having child gave family prestige
Male child desired because men were responsible for funeral ceremonies
Family appealed to fertility gods if unable to conceive
The Role of Women
Expected to be homemakers
were not allowed to work certain jobs
Carpenters
Sculptors
Probably Scribes
Could not hold government positions unless royal
New Kingdom
Right to inheritance
Gained property rights
Property rights protected in divorce
Entitled to 1/3 assets in divorce
If husband was abusive mother entitled to child support
Education
Early childhood education left to parents
Wealthy children trained in horseback riding and archery
Formal education was vocational
Children could be placed with craftsmen as apprentice
Formal education essential for success
Economics
Agriculture
most farmers worked as labourers on large estates owned for the royal family
payments for their efforts they received a small portion of the crop, usually wheat or barley.
Majority of population took part in farming.
able to rent fields and sometimes control production themselves
had to trade, no coins or anything
annual flooding of the Nile helped farming. Improved agricultural cycle.
Many farms raised domestic animals, such as cattle, ducks, geese, goats, and pigs for meat, and bred donkeys for beasts of burden.
lettuce, beans, onions, figs, dates, grapes, melons, cucumbers
industry
furniture from local wood, anything available
bowls, vases, rope, paper,
many different occupations: carpenters, stone masons, silver/gold smith, jewelers
trade
trade important to economy
sailed seas
cross desert by caravan
barley, wheat, wines
papyrus sheets
gold, other materials
gained silver, iron, horses, cedar logs, ivary, copper, cattle, spices
allowed for sharing of ideas, and cultures, etc
brought them into contact with sumer, syria, lebanon