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(workbook 4) (Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) (Examples (HOLD THE LINE-…
(workbook 4)
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hard strategies
hard engineering
a physical change to a coastline using concrete, boulders, wood and metal
- groynes
- rip rap
- metal rods
- sea wall
- rock armour
- artificial reefs
- revetments
- gabions
- barage
soft strategies
soft engineering
when natural systems such as beaches, dunes and saltmarshes are used to absorb and adjust wave energy
- managed retreat
- replenishment
- cliff drainage
- flood zoning
- regrade
- cascades
- nourishment
- reprofile
- dunes
Canvey Island, Essex
- 1m above sea level
- surrounded by 6m sea wall
- east is densely populated
- isostatic rebound means Thames Estuary is sinking at 1.5mm/yr
adaptation
- built multi-storey buildings
- escape/community refuge plans
- managed retreat of marshland
- global changes in sea level
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Stakeholders
- businessmen
- fishermen
- farmers
- landowners
- shipping/ ports
- military
- tourism
- mining
- aquaculture
- industry
- scientists
- homeowners
human reasons for protection:
- roads
- buildings (houses and hotels)
natural reasons for protection:
- geology
- processes e.g fetch
SUSTAINABILITY- meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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MEDCS favour hard strategies since the 18th century. Since the 20th century, soft strategies have been more favoured
Environment Agency is funded by DEFRA- have opposition to soft management schemes e.g National Farmers Union