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Storm Hazards (workbook 5) (Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines 2013 (management…
Storm Hazards (workbook 5)
EFFECT OF LATITUDE- suns rays are more concentrated at the equator as they hit the earth directly.
there is less heat at the poles due to the curvature of the earth
CORIOLIS EFFECT- rotation of the earth makes objects appear to travel in a straight line when they are curved.
cyclones travel anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere
characteristics of a tropical storm
warm ocean temperature of above 27 degrees so it provides a continuous source of heat to maintain rising air currents
ocean depth of at least 70m as the moisture provides latent heat, as air rises the moisture is released
cross winds in the upper atmosphere to be light so the clouds can move without being torn apart
position in relation to the equator to be 5 to 15 degrees N-S so the Coriolis force can bring about maximum rotation of the air
winds in the lower atmosphere must be converging as winds have to come together near the centre of the low-pressure zone
airflow in the upper atmosphere must be rapid/diverging which pushes away the warm air which has risen close to the center
Tropical cyclone
massive cloud that surrounds a central eye that is between 5 and 50km. The eye is a calm area where winds descend.
The eyewall is where winds are strongest and causes the most destruction
last 2-3 days once fully formed
Impacts
HEAVY RAINFALL
flooding of low-lying coastlines
flooding of inland areas near rivers
exceed 200-300 mm
up to 500 mm/day
STRONG WINDS
damage to buildings and vegetation
damage to shipping and offshore structures
exceed 150km/h
STORM STURGES
flooding of low-lying coastal areas
erosion of cliffs and coastal areas
salinization of soil
LANDSLIDES
heavy rainfall saturates material
undercutting coasts
greater erosion
mass movement (slumping)
Vulnerability
distance to the sea- closer will be more vulnerable
preparations made by the community- better preparedness will reduce vulnerability
warnings and response- earlier the warning to an area, the quicker they can evacuate and the easier it will be for emergency services
topography- steeper areas will be less vulnerable to storm surges as they are higher and less densely populated
urban- higher building density and population. More impermeable surfaces has a higher flood risk
higher density but better communication
LEDC- less money to protect and prepare, less insurance, shortage of trained meteorologists
Impacts
MEDC e.g Japan or USA
social
power loss
damage to water supply
death
homelessness
economic
damage to shipping and offshore structures
businesses affected
damage to roads and infrastructure
tall and old buildings collapse
denser infrastructure
environmental
flooding
coastal erosion
storm surges
salinisation
political
debt
looting
main short term
evacuation
reconnecting electricity- took 2 months in Katrina
main long term
death
population displacement
LEDC e.g Philippines or Haiti
social
communities destroyed
loss of electricity
homelessness
starvation
roads blocked
weaker buildings collapse under strong winds
economic
plantation crops (coconuts) are vulnerable to strong winds
infrastructure damage
international businesses
environmental
landslides
flooding
-ecosystems
political
debt
looting
violence
lack of aid
main short term
heavy rainfall
main long term
building destruction
fatalities
Management
Preparedness- including prediction or forecasting and warning
MEDC
data from geostationary satellites
land and sea based recording centres
computer models of atmospheric processes
ocean surface temperatures
sea defences
emergency services
warnings to the population
LEDC
evacuate
community preparedness
warn the population
educate
Mitigation and Prevention
MEDC
cloud seeding to cause more precipitation
LEDC
no easy method of prevention
Adaptation or Protection
MEDC
evacuation
strengthen homes and commercial properties
land use planning
sea walls, breakwaters, flood waters
external shutters on windows
LEDC
evacuation
houses on stilts
land use planning
cyclone shelters
in poorer areas, the need for land usually outweighs considerations
Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines 2013
social
6,000 fatalities
1,000 declared missing (bodies still being discovered well into 2014)
2 million people homeless
6 million people displaced
large areas cut off from communication
major roads blocked
economic
widespread damage to buildings and infrastructure
airport damaged by storm surge (5.2m)
total damage- 2.9 billion
6 million workers lost source of income
major rice, corn and sugar producing areas destroyed
fishing communities affected- 30,000 boats
environmental
heavy rainfall (300mm in under 12 hours)
huge storm surges of up to 6m
low lying areas on the eastern side were washed away
floods knocked over power barge 103 causing an oil spill
management
short-term
airport was quickly repaired to become centre of international relief operation
WHO & relief agencies kept outbreaks isolated
UK deployed 2 navy ships supplying 200,000 tonnes of aid
Americans sent numerous ships, aircrafts and 13,000 service personnell
long-term
water and sanitation
billboards in prime advertising spots e.g New York Time Square and Piccadilly Station to say thank you
Tacloban in the middle of the Philippines is overcrowded and has poorly constructed houses on flat coastal land
250km/h winds
in recent years, many people moved from countryside to areas like Tacloban to get work and money
Hurricane Sandy, USA, 2012
USA is an MEDC
started off the west coast of Africa
social
286 people killed (147 direct)
power failure in New York University Medical Centre- evacuation of all 215 patients
8.5 million without power
highly stressed and anxious (psychological harm)
305,000 destroyed in New York
economic
$71 billion in damages
$18 billion in NY city
18,000 flights were cancelled
buildings, cars and possessions
environmental
Fallen trees and floods affect habitats
untreated sewage into public drinking water
10 metres of beach lost
roads, train lines and transport become unstable