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Amazon Rainforest (workbook 3) (Influences (MANAGEMENT (SELECTIVE LOGGING …
Amazon Rainforest (workbook 3)
INPUTS
annual rainfall of 2000+mm
high precipitation in most months
increased rainfall downwind of deforested areas
deforestation cause 20% decline in regional rainfall
fewer clouds = reduced rainfall
produces 1/3 of it's own precipitation in the recycling of evapotranspiration
INPUTS
photosynthesis (decreasing with deforestation)
rain washes ash into the ground and increases the carbon content
STORES
cleared land means air rises quicker so there are more clouds and more rain and storms
less interception in deforested areas, there are more surface stores as soil stores reach maximum
forests shrub that replaces the primary forest stores 40% less carbon
absorbs 2.2 billion tonnes of Co2 a year (carbon sink)
STORES
surface/ sub-surface biomass
forest scrub that replaces trees stores 40% less carbon
wood is about 40% carbon
soil storage
leaf litter and roots
large carbon sink
deforestation decreases leaf litter and humus which decreases soil storage
TRANSFERS
transfers of photosynthesis (30-50% of global)
deforestation increases river discharge and surface flow
increase in evaporation over the Atlantic and is blown towards the Amazon
warm temperatures increase evaporation and precipitation
dense canopy, increases interception, less flows
deforested, less interception, more surface run-off and more flooding
climate change increases temp, decreases rainfall, leads to drought (2005, 2010)
TRANSFERS
decomposers thrive in the warm and wet conditions
deforestation, increases greenhouse gases and global warming
Co2 is sequestered which increases Co2 stores
OUTPUTS
evapotranspiration
evaporation from the soil
runoff increases which increases flooding
OUTPUTS
stored within soil or dissolved then removed by streams as an output
decomposition and respiration
less roots, rain washes away nutrient rich top layer and carbon is released
Influences
DEFORESTATION
exploit land for farming and timber
less interception, more run-off, more flooding
less evapotranspiration, less water vapour, less rainfall, more drought
CLIMATE CHANGE
increase temp, creates drought (2005, 2010)
animals die as not adapted or in forest fires
4 degree rise could kill 85% of rainforest which would increase carbon from decomposition
MANAGEMENT
SELECTIVE LOGGING
some trees are left standing to keep a canopy and the forest can regenerate
REPLANTING
new trees planted to replace old ones e.g peru plan to restore 3.2 million hectares by 2020, must be of the same type
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
ban use of wood from forests that aren't managed sustainably, ban exclusive logging, control land use e.g Brazilian Forest Code have to keep 50-80% of the forest
PROTECTION
national parks and nature reserves e.g Central Amazon Conservation Complex in Brazil (2003), damaging activities can be monitored and prevented
BACKGROUND INFO
South America
40% of SA landmass
Hot, very wet climate
very dense vegetation
up to 1 million plant species
home to 200 million people
reaches heights of 45 metres
DAM BUILDING
140 hydroelectric dams already built and 428 planned
Large scale deforestation
Belo Monte Dam- worlds 4th biggest hydroelectric project