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Chapters 42 & 44 (Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange…
Chapters 42 & 44
Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
osmosis
: process by which water enters or leaves a cell, occurs when two solutions are separated by a membrane and have differing solute concentrations
water travels from low(hypoosmotic) to high(hyperosmotic) solute concentrations
osmolarity
: unit of measurement for solute concentration, moles of solute per liter of solution, (ex: osmolarity of human blood is 300 milliosmoles per liter, sea water is 1,000)
osmoregulation
: how animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
marine animals
: osmoconformers, isoosmotic with surroundings, sea water is dehydrating so they drink seawater, excess salt is released through the gills and kidneys
freshwater animals
: body fluids are hyperosmotic, excrete lots of very dilute urine to rid of extra water gained by osmosis and hardly drink water
nitrogenous waste
urea
: product of metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide, low toxicity, high-energy excretion,
uric acid
: nontoxic, excreted with little water loss, very high-energy excretion, insects, land snails, reptiles, birds
ammonia
: toxic, animals that excrete need lots of water to allow a lower concentration of it, aquatic species
excretory system
ureters
: ducts, urine produced and released by kidney run through
urinary bladder
: sac, ureters drain into
kidneys
: transport and store urine
nephrons
: weave around in renal cortex, functional units of kidney
cortical nephrons
: more common, short distance into medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons
: deep into medulla, essential in production of hyperosmotic urine
urethra
: tube, urine travels through to exit body
Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
circulatory system
closed
: blood flows through vessels, separate from intestinal fluid, one or more hearts pump blood into large vessels -> smaller -> organs, ex: annelids, cephalopods, vertebrates
single circulation
: blood travels throughout body and returns to starting point in one circuit, two chambered heart, capillary beds lower blood pressure in gills, ex: sharks, rays, bony fishes
open
: the hemolymph and intestinal fluid is all together in the cavity, heart and sinus movement help circulate the hemolymph, ex: arthropods, clams
double circulation
: two circuits of blood flow, heart has two pump cycles: pulmonary/pulmocutaneous circuit and systemic circuit, higher blood pressure, ex: amphibians, reptiles, mammals
three basic components
: circulatory fluid, set of interconnecting vessels, & muscular pump (heart)
types of hearts
fish
: single circulation, two chambers
frog
: double circulation, pulmocutaneous and systemic circuits, three chambers(one ventricle)
mammal
: double circulation, pulmonary and systemic circuits, four chambers(divided ventricles)
blood vessels
veins
: carry blood back to the heart
capillaries
: microscopic vessels with thin, porous walls that pass near every cell in the body
arteries
: carry blood from heart to organs
blood
components
plasma
: liquid matrix, contains dissolved ions and proteins
proteins
: osmotic balance, pH buffering (albumin), defense (immunoglobulins/antibodies), lipid transport (apolipoproteins), clotting (fibrinogen)
ions
: osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate)
cellular elements:
leukocytes
: white blood cells, defense and immunity, fight infections
platelets
: cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow cells, blood clotting
erythrocytes
: red blood cells, hemoglobin protein, oxygen transport, biconcave disks
blood pressure:
systolic pressure
: high pressure when heart contracts during ventricular systole
diastolic pressure
: artery walls constrict during diastole, lower pressure when ventricles relax
vasoconstriction
: arterioles narrow when smooth muscles in arteriole wall contract, increases blood pressure upstream in arteries
vasodilatation
: arterioles increase in diameter when smooth muscles relax, lower blood pressure
120 mm Hg at systole and 70 mm Hg at diastole (120/70) is the typical blood pressure for a human
function
: connective tissue, osmotic regulation, carries oxygen and nutrients to all cells, transport, defense
lymph circulation:
lymph
: the recovered fluid
1) lymph is lost to the surrounding tissues from capillaries (where it was originally plasma)
2) lymph returns to the blood after it circulates within the lymphatic system and drains into a pair large of large veins
3) lymph's return to the cardiovascular system completes the recovery
respiratory system
organs
lungs
: localized, infolding of body surface, divided into pockets, works with circulatory system to get oxygen to body (ex: reptiles, birds, mammals, spiders)
gills
: outfoldings of body surface, large surface area, ventilation (ex: fishes, lobsters, sea stars)
skin
: gas diffuses between the cells and environment, thin, moist epithelium skin layer (ex: sponges, cnidarians, flatworms)
tracheal system
: network of air tubes that branch throughout the body (ex: insects)
breathing
positive pressure
: inflation of the lungs with forced air flow, muscles lower the floor of oral cavity, air goes in nostrils, floor of oral cavity rises, air flows down trachea into lungs, leaves lungs by muscular body wall
negative pressure
: muscle contraction(diaphragm) expands thoracic cavity, low pressure in lungs draws air into nostrils