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Concept of a Hazard (workbook 1) (factors (MEDC (people have more…
Concept of a Hazard (workbook 1)
Characteristics of a natural hazard
has clear origins and distinctive effects
occurs with little or no warning
involves involuntary exposure to the risk
creates most damage with loss of life occurring shortly after the hazard but impacts may last into the future
happens with a scale or impact that necessitates an emergency response
Earthquake
causes buildings to collapse, infrastructure collapse. occurs at plate tectonic boundaries
hardly any/no warning as they are difficult to predict low predictability
if people aren't educated, they aren't prepared and it will cause mass problems. can't prevent them, can't evacuate
people die which is a long-term impact- less workers. takes years to rebuild infrastructure e.g factories and roads
they affect large areas. emergency response needed for dangers e.g gas leaks, building collapse, medical, food and water
Definitions
NATURAL HAZARD- a natural event that poses a future threat
HAZARD- natural or human future threat
DISASTER- something that has already happened that causes mass damage
EXTREME NATURAL PROCESS/ PHENOMENON- something that doesn't happen often or that doesn't impact humans
RISK- combination of the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability
VULNERABILITY- the conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impact of a hazard
factors
MEDC
people have more possessions so higher insurance (economic vulnerability)
more protection, stronger buildings and infrastructure, better education, SUDS- hazard resistant design, better healthcare
LEDC
less protection against hazards e.g earthquakes, shanty towns can collapse, densely populated, lack of healthcare, less government funding, long term- disease
less expensive infrastructure, not as heavy buildings that fall
URBAN
large population density, high building density, venture effect, heat for storms
better access to services, more communication, SUDS
RURAL
less responsive services, less communication, older buildings, less road networks, farmers loose money due to salinization of soil
smaller population and less people, less buildings, more community spirit to rebuild
INLAND
wildfires, droughts as it is drier, difficult to evacuate, hard for aid workers to reach
more surface run-off away, low risk of flooding and tsunamis and tropical storms, no salinization of soil
COASTAL
more vulnerable from vulnerable from tropical storms and tsunamis, rising sea levels, erosion increased by hazards, not 360 degree road access, boats are slow
sea defences, boats
UPLAND
hard to be reached by emergency services as less roads, steep land- landslides
not as many buildings (less economic impacts), lower population density (less social), less likely to flood
LOWLAND
flooding risk increases as nowhere for water to run, ruins crops and livelihoods, higher building density
easier to get emergency supplies, emergency services
Perceptions
factors that may affect
prior experience
religion/beliefs/culture
education
tenure (less bothered if rented)
wealth
access to aid
car ownership
FATALISM- people accept that the hazard is natural, losses are accepted as inevitable and people remain where they are
FEAR- the perception of the hazard is such that people feel so vulnerable to an event that they are no longer able to face living in the area
ADAPTATION- people prepare for the event by prediction, prevention and protection
why people would choose to live in a hazardous area
lack of alternatives- due to jobs, housing
changing risk- places that were safe are not anymore
perception of place
cheaper
factors determining the severity of hazards
duration
magnitude
predictability
regularity
frequency
speed of onset
spatial concentration
areal extent
number of hazards
hazard management cycle
RESPONSE- efforts to minimise the hazards created by a disaster e.g search and rescue
RECOVERY- returning the community to normal e.g temporary housing, medical care
MITIGATION- minimising the effects of a disaster e.g building codes, education
PREPAREDNESS- planning how to respond e.g emergency exercising, training, warning systems