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Human Physiology (6.3, 6.1 (Digestion: an enzyme facilitated chemical…

- - - - Digestion: a series of chemical reactions facilitated by enzymes, that break food down into their smaller molecular forms
        
        Absorbption: the smaller molecular components are absorbed by the cells of your digestive system, and are absorbed into the bloodstream and the lymphatic system by way of nearby blood or lymphatic vessels.
        
        Transport: the circulatory system delivers these nutrients to the parts of the body that require them
        
        active transport
        
        passive transport
        
        Small intestine
        
        maltose completes the digestion of starch from disaccharides into monosaccharides
        
        Absorption through villi
        
        Each singular villus is made up many cells that selectively absorb molecules found in the lumen of the small intestine. The absorbption occurs through the epithelial layer of the villi that is in direct contact with the nutrients in the small intestine.
        
        The epithelial cells are made up microscopic structures known as microvilli that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. The villi each contain a lymph node vessel called a lacteal which absorbs some nutrients, and a blood vessel to transport the nutrients away.
        
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        The Alimentary canal
        
        Circular muscles
        
        Longitudinal msucles
        
        When both muscle groups work together, peristalsis or the motion that moves food up and down the alimentary canal is achieved.
        
        Pancreas
        
        glucagon
        
        converts glycogen into glucose
        
        insulin
        
        converts glucose into glycogen
        
        Trypisin
        
        hydrolyses large peptides into smaller chains
        
        Amylase
        
        Digests starch
        
        Lipase
        
        hydrolyses fatty acids and oils
    - - Carbohydrates
        
        Monosaccharides
      - Nucleic acids
        
        Nucleotides
      - Lipids
        
        Glycerol and fatty acids
      - Proteins
        
        Amino acids
- - - - thinner walls, valves, low pressure
    - - one cell thin walls,very low pressure, no valves.
    - - thick walls, no valves, high pressure
    - - When the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood begin to increase over a threshold, a part of the brainstem known as the medulla senses this and so sends a signal through the cardiac nerve to the SA node, which increases heart rate, and when CO2 levels drop to normal, the reverse happens.
    - - atrioventricular valve open, blood from pulmonary veins moves from left ventricle to right ventricle, semilunar valve is closed due to high aortic pressure
    - - The atrioventricular valve closes to prevent backflow, and so the ventricles in crease in pressure until the pressure of the ventricles is greater than that of the aorta, which then opens allowing blood to flow out , this causes the lub sound heard by the stethoscope
        
        then since the blood has left the heart, pressure drops and the aorta closes again, which causes the dub sound heard by the stethoscope.
    - - any remaining blood in the atrium moves into the ventricles, and the pressure created by the systole is not very high.
    - - If the blood vessels near the heart undergo blockage due to build up of plaque, then the heart will succumb to coronary thrombosis, myocardial infraction , or a heart attack.