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Mao_Alanis_Poole (Aims and Results of Policies (Aims and impact of…

- - - - Great Leap Forward AIMED to create large communes, increase industrial production, and bring China ideologically closer to a socialist state
        Deep ploughing AIMED to increase yield production but most of the time, resulted in lower crop yields and land exhaustion
      - Mao’s primary AIM- to industrialize as rapidly as possible; catch up to Japan and the USA; no longer depend on the USSR
        
        Results:
        
        By 1976 with initial Soviet aid, China became a modern industrial state. Electricity, roads and railways were established and basic amenities were provided for.
        
        By 1960s- China was a nuclear power
        
        By 1970s- China was a space power
        
        Industry was developed significantly more than agriculture
        
        Steel output doubled, but poor quality made it unfit for industrial use
        
        Shortages of some items, oversupply of others
        
        Deforestation for backyard furnaces
        
        Mobilization of peasants into production brigades
        
        Cadres over reported out of fear of shortfalls in grain quotas and being labeled a ‘counter-revolutionary’
        
        Starvation and then cannibalism
        
        Most food exported to USSR and North Korea
        
        50 million people died
    - - Aim: eliminate/repress opposition
      - Results:
        
        GMD fled to Taiwan
        
        Agrarian Reforms eliminated resistance from landlords
        
        Nationalizing private businesses
        
        Korean War imposed government control
        
        The three-antis and five-antis root out corruption, bureaucracy, tax evasion, bribery; targeted the bourgeoisie and intellectuals
    - - Primary Aims: eliminate regionalism, create a communist state after years of civil war and fighting the Japanese
      - Results:
        
        concubinage was forbidden
        
        arranged marriage was discouraged
        
        divorce was allowed
        
        women granted property (until collectivization)
        
        Child preference for boys
      - ‘Struggle sessions’ AIMED to eliminate oppositions; RESULT: created mass hysteria and zeal to identify class enemies
      - Cultural revolution AIMED to make art and literature proletarian/utilitarian, destroy ‘revisionist, capitalist, feudalist’ influences in China; in RESULT, heightened Mao’s image and Red Guard’s zeal for violent repression, abused by Madame Mao for personal affairs, historical and religious buildings were destroyed, old art and literature were attacked
      - 100 flowers campaign AIMED to improve the party based off the people’s criticism (facade); but RESULTED with shocking volume of criticism, ended within a month, targeted intellectuals/rightists in Anti-Rightist campaign
  - - - Effect of policies
        
        Mao gained the support of women who were ignored and improved the quality of life. Western areas (primarily Muslim) disapproved of the Law because it went against the Quran.
  - - - redistribution of land and power; peasant associations forced their landlords to admit their crimes against the peasantry in a series of struggle meetings. This policy redistributed and gave peasants land while eliminating possible opposition, landlords.
- - - - Used struggle meetings (having people commit to their crimes and face exilement, imprisonment, or death) and re-education in the countryside.
      - targeted intellectuals, bourgeois, landlords, and warlords.
      - The 'Three Antis Campaign' occurred in late 1951 against the evils of corruption, waste, and bureaucracy. The 'Five Adits Campaign' in 1952 targeted cheating on government contracts, stealing state economic information, tax evasion, theft of state and bribery. Punishments followed similar methods to struggle meetings.
      - purged party members
      - targeted people who followed the 'Four Olds'
    - - Mao was a charismatic leader because he gave attention to several social groups; women, peasants, students, etc through reforms or revolutions. These were exploited and ignored groups in past governments. Mao made sure to value them and be inclusive.
      - The Little Red Book was to be carried around everywhere. The constant access to Mao's speeches and teachings created a cult of personality that made following him easy.
    - - Mao's "Bombard the Headquarters" post (August 5, 1961) called on students to attack the CPC. This encouraged the participation in the Red Guard and the Cultural Revolution.
      - Lin Bao made a speech based on the '16 Points' that ordered students to attack the 'Four Olds' (August 8, 1961).
      - The Little Red Book was comprised of Mao's speeches and carried around by the Red Guard like a sacred book.
  - - - The PRC aided North Korea and fought the US to a standstill. This standstill was seen as a win because an Asian power was able to challenge a Western power's military strength. This boosted Mao's and China's reputation globally.
    - - Improved relations with the US with Nixon's invitation to China because both nations aimed to undermine the USSR's power. China was recognized as a state and was given Taiwan's seat in the UN,
- - - - There was a lack of nationalism and unity in China due to regionalism. The Chinese were only loyal to the regions they lived in under the control of their war/landlords, instead of the entire nation.
    - - China's economy was based on agriculture in which landlords and warlords had control of the land and were able to exploit the peasantry as a result: regionalism.
    - - Qing Dynasty was in charge at the beginning of the 19th century and during the first Sino-Japanese war (1894-5). Dynasty was overthrown by the Double Ten Revolution which later became the GMD in 1912 because they failed to meet the demands for reform.
        
        The CCP formed in 1921 and Jiang Jieshi became leader of the GMD in 1925. There was political tension between the parties due to opposing ideologies: communism v. capitalism. The GMD was the leading party but was corrupted in its government and military.
    - - Sino-Japanese war of 1937 - Leader of GMD, Jiang Jieshi chose to direct his energy and efforts to defeating the communist party instead of the Japanese. Unlike Jiang, Mao fought the Japanese and led China to a victory. This gained Mao support and weakened Jiang's support.
      - The failure of the Western powers to return the Chinese territories under German control to China after WWI (1919), many Chinese lost faith in Western democracy and turned to Soviet communism. CCP formed in 1921.
        
        May 4th Movement - students marched in Beijing to denounce the Twenty One Demanda
      - The CCP and GMD formed the First United Front against the warlords and regionalism, and Second United Front against the Japanese.
  - - - Yan'an Rectification campaigns intended to provide a basic grounding in Marxist-Leninist principles to new party members; attacked intellectuals and blind imitation of Soviet directives; they aimed to rectify the wrong-thinking, not the people.
      - Struggle sessions- a form of public humiliation, torture and possible execution of political rivals and class enemies; shaped public belief; verbal and physical abuse from a crowd until the victim confessed
      - Land reform program- private businesses and commercial enterprises were nationalized and then distributed to small groups of peasants in ‘mutual aid teams’ which would eventually becomes communes through the next phases of grouping increasingly larger cooperatives; any resistance was overcome by the state withholding capital loans, virtually forcing peasants into the cooperatives
    - - 1921- a group in Shanghai (including Mao) organize the Chinese Communist Party
      - Lenin befriends China and sends military advisors and equipment to China in 1923; Stalin economically and technologically supported Mao’s economic/land reform
      - Peasants aligned with Communists
      - ‘Cult of personality’ developed from Long March
      - Communism in China was defined as ‘Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist-Maoist,’ implying Mao was the last of the great Marxist prophets
    - - Long March (1934-35)- spreading the ideology of Marxism through villages
      - Anti-regionalism: instead of having regional systems and practices, Mao wanted to have a central system and nationalism among the Chinese
      - Revised Marxist-Leninist thought, transposing to the rural realities of China
      - Maoism- a proletariat revolution focused on the peasantry
      - Populism- a political approach that appeals to ordinary people who believe their concerns are disregarded by the established elite groups; anti-intellectual
    - - Guerilla warfare against the GMD to destabilize Jiang Jieshi
      - Rectification campaigns
      - landlords were killed or committed suicide during agrarian reform of 1950 as a result of ‘struggle sessions’
      - intellectuals were subject to persecution or sent to countryside
    - - GMD refused to form a coalition government with the Chinese Communist Party after WWII
      - Jiang Jieshi was criticized for attacking the Chinese Communists instead of the Japanese who were increasingly encroaching Chinese land; Mao was seen as truly nationalist
      - 1941- the GMD army tried to destroy Communist armies in the south and Jiang withdrew financial support to Mao which led to widespread criticism of Jiang within China and abroad
      - The Long March- heightened Communist power, status and respect