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The Cold War_Alanis_Poole (Rivalry, Mistrust, and Accord (The breakdown of…

- - - - USA
        
        a liberal democracy centered around capitalism; the Truman Doctrine suggested the US aimed to protect the world from communist sphere of influence; the Marshall Plan was put into place to help improve foreign economies. The ideologies of the US encouraged actions to protect and promote democracy around the world.
      - USSR
        
        the ideology of Stalinism was isolationist, but became more expansionist for security with the USSR's satellite states. This encouraged the acquiring of more satellite states under the influence of Moscow and difficulty in establishing peaceful relations due to its isolationist nature.
    - - USA
        
        used fear and aggression through massive retaliation, brinkmanship, and containment. Feared communist expansion.
      - USSR
        
        used fear and aggression through increasing nuclear weapons, bringing missiles to Cuba, and building the Berlin Wall. Feared invasion from Germany
    - - USA
        
        capitalistic economy. Marshall Plan; seeked more trading opportunities with countries; assisting the free peoples economically to propell their economies.
      - USSR
        
        communist economy: did not take advantage of the Marshall Plan because the USSr would be required to hand over information about national spending;
    - - US
        
        assumed role as defender/protector of freedom/free world from communism
        wanted Germany to separate, created Bizonia (US + UK zones of Germany), broke, Potsdam agreement by introducing a new currency in West Germany without consulting Stalin, and made Western zone tied tot he West by dollar diplomacy.
        
        resulted in weak Eastern German economy
      - USSR
        
        caused the Berlin Blockade to ensure the security of communism in East Germany and was a response to the introduction of a new currency in West Germany; broke the Potsdam agreement by depriving Germans of everyday needs (blocked railways, roads, means of transporting foods, etc)
        
        Berlin Blockade ended because materials still reached Berlin via US aircrafts and because of unrest at Brandenburg gate.
  - - - Sino-US relations
        
        tensions were high during the Vietnam war (starting in November 1, 1945) due to ideological differences; communism v. capitalism
        
        The US saw Chinese communism as a threat to democracy and freedom; hence, the Red Scare. Meanwhile, China considered the US as its main enemy.
      - Sino-Soviet
        
        relations used to peaceful (at least more than during Khrushchev's governing) because China became part of the Communist movement and accepted aid and guidance from the Soviet Union
        
        relations between China and the USSR began to deteriorate due to different interpretations of Marxist-Leninism. Khrushchev made his 'Secret Speech' (1956) which denounced Stalinism and also denounced Chinese Communism because many of its ideas were based on Stalinism. Additionally, Mao accused the SOviets of capitalizing America during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Meanwhile, the USSR did not support the Chinese missile testing.
        
        the USSR began to withdraw Soviet advisors in 1960 because of the gradual rapprochement between China and the US
    - - the US policy of containing the communist threat/increasing sphere of influence through the means of massive retaliation (a nuclear strategy in which the US will retaliate to the greatest extent until its aggressors surrender) to prevent communism from expanding to Western Europe, the Mediterranean, and Japan.
        
        George Kennan, foreign secretary officer, formulated this policy. It was implemented by President Truman.
    - - a concept suggesting the possibility of communism and capitalism both existing in the world at once without interference from the other, under the assumption that one system will fall. capitalists believe communism will fall; while, communists believe capitalism will fall.
- - - - Americas
        
        Truman
        
        The Truman Doctrine (TD) was a radical change in US foreign policy, which had been traditionally isolationist. The TD was a speech made in March 1947 to the US Congress stating the US had the obligation to suppoert free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
        
        The TD became an ideological shield behind which the US marched to rebuild the Western political and economic system and counter the radical left.
        
        It struck the Soviets as evidence of American determination to grow its sphere of influence; therefore, they refused to recognize its legitimacy.
        
        Eisenhower
        
        Policy of containment: "The New Look"
        It aimed to prevent the extension of Soviet Communism outside of the areas it was already established with the idea that the USSR would eventually collapse.
        
        Put into practice by:
        
        setting up alliances to encircle the USSR
        
        using military power to protect vulnerable areas like West Berlin
        
        using the CIA for covert operations
        
        Brinkmanship- threat of massive retaliation as an instrument of containment; entailed going to the brink and threatening nucelar war to intimidate aggressor to back down
        
        Kennedy
        
        containment policy of "flexible response"
        
        more spending on conventional forces
        
        enlarging the nuclear arsenal
        
        continuing with CIA covert work
        
        giving economic aid to developing countries resisting communism
        -continuing negotations with the USSR
        
        Kennedy broadened the range of options to resist communism because the threat was increasingly diverse (geographically). He moved away from EIsenhower's 'massive retaliation' to avoid nuclear war.
        
        Castro
        
        Castro sought nationalization of US economic interests in Cuba, asked for US economic assistance and was denied. Therefore, he went to the USSR, which offered aid for economic development. The USSR's involvement with a Caribbean state was an immediate challenge to the USA.
        
        The US reacted
        
        militarily: Bay of Pigs invasion
        
        international condemnation; strengthened Castro's support
        
        economically: embargo on all exports to Cuba except food and medicine
    - - anti-american, anti- democratic sentiments
        
        increased fear of communism
        
        Communist victory. in the Chinese civil war coincided w/ cold war tensions and the US assumed it was inspired by Moscow
    - - Stalin
        
        COMINFORM-- the Communist information Bureau set up in September 1947
        
        to increase Stalin's control over Commnunist parties of other countries
        
        The West was concerned this would actively spread ommunism in the Western sphere of influence
        
        Stalin's Two Camps Doctrine
        
        'two camps' in Europe opposing each other
        
        seen as response to TD
        
        became a firm foundation for Soviet foreign policy
        
        1st camp: an 'anti-Soviet' bloc of countries that were economically dependent on the US
        
        2nd camp: anti-democratic USSR and satellite states
      - Khrushchev
        
        - Khrushchev attacked Stalin's policies in his secret speech (1956)
        
        speech leaked to Eastern Europe and gave hope to those who wanted to see a reduction in Soviet control
        
        Khrushchev dropped his proposal at Western outrage, but he pushed the Allies to discuss the German question
        
        conference in Geneva
        
        met with Eisenhower in 1959
        
        Berlin Wall
        Khrushchev closed the East German border in Berlin
        
        in August 1961, he set barbed wire between East and West Belin which was followed by concrete
- - - - the Second Berlin Crisis (1958-1961)
      - West Germany encouraged emigration of young and skilled East Germans
      - the divided Berlin allowed the West to have a unique propaganda and espionage base 186 km deep in East German territory
      - Khrushchev sent an ultimatum to demilitarize Berlin, turn it into a 'free city.'
      - If the West did not agree, he threatened to turn over control of access routes to the Western sector to East Germany
    - - Soviet opposition to separate West Germany
        
        USSR cut off all road and rail traffic to Western Berlin
        
        electricity cut
        
        US responded with the Berlin Airlift
        
        food, fuel and basic necessities flown to West Berlin and its 2 million citizens
        
        lasted almost a year (may 1949) when Stalin called off blockade
        
        accelerated the creation of separate West Germany (may 1949)
        
        Germany became a permanent reminder of Cold War realities
        
        Quality of life
        
        West Germany > East Germany
        
        Berlin became a point of escape