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Popslations and Ecosystems (The structure of ecosystems (trophic levels…
Popslations and Ecosystems
The structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
life forms
most useful categories
defined by C. Raunkiaer
temporal structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes
species composition
refers to the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
trophic levels
basically feeding levels
primary producers
autotrophs
first step in food web
primary consumers
herbivores
aka secondary producers
secondary consumers
carnivores
omnivores
exist at both levels
Plants in relationship to their habitats
biotic components of the habitat
other plant species
mutualism
beneficial for both organisms
competition
two populations do not grow together
competitive exclusion
whichever species is less adapted is excluded
organisms other than plants
frugivores
fruit eating animals
commensal relationships
one species benefits from other
predation
relationship where one species is harmed and one species benefits
herbivores
animals that eat plants
abiotic components of the habitat
climate
tolerance range
between low and high extremes
soil factors
formed by breakdown of rock
pioneers
first plants to invade new soil
must tolerate several conditions
A horizon
uppermost and sometimes called zone of leaching
B horizon
zone of depression
C horizon
composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments
habitats
set of conditions in which an organism completes life cycle
The structure of populations
geographic distribution
boundaries of the geographic range
limiting factor
lone factor that determines health of plant
local geographic distribution
random distribution
no obvious pattern to postion of individuals
clumped distributions
spacing between plants
small or large
uniform distribution
types that occur in orchids or tree plantations
allelochemics
such chemicals
allelopathy
grow with zone of bare soil around it
age distribution: demography
demography
relative proportions
young aged, middle aged, old individuals
biotic potential
number of offspring produced
something that lives long enough
carrying capacity
the population that can live in particular ecosystems
