Plate Techtonics

Evidence

Fossils fuels; evidence of land animals that lived in both places in the distant past.

Panagea; shapes

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changing distance between continents; changes in land mass means plates still moving

The Theory of Plate Tectonics, first proposed by Alfred Wegener, is the idea that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that float on a liquid layer of magma. These plates move constantly, sometimes bumping into each other or sliding under each other. We have a great deal of evidence for this theory, such as the shape of the continents, the location of fossils of similar species on different continents, and the distance of the continents from one another.

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The Theory of Plate Tectonics, first proposed by Alfred Wegener, is the idea that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that float on a liquid layer of magma. These plates move constantly, sometimes bumping into each other or : sliding under each other. We have a great deal of evidence for this theory, such as the shape of the continents, the location of fossils of similar species on different continents, and the distance of the continents from one another.

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The Theory of Plate Tectonics is the idea that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that float on a liquid layer of magma. These plates move constantly, sometimes bumping into each other or sliding under each other. :

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Evidence

Panagea shapes

Fossils fuels; evidence of land animals that lived in both places in the distant past.

changing distance between continents; changes in land mass means plates still moving

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Ages of Crustal Rocks

Fossils fuels; evidence of land animals that lived in both places in the distant past.

Mantle

Convection

Currents — within

the asthenosphere

(and perhaps the

upper mantle),

convection

currents are the

driving force of

plate movement.

Convection Currents in the Mantle

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volcanoes

contential plate

subduction

zone

oceanic

plate

mantle

convection current

mid-ocean

ridge

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EQ Damage

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An Earthquake is a vibration of Earth produced by the release of energy (for example in the slippage of a transform boundary, vertical displacement in the forms of waves, horizontal movement). This energy radiates out in all directions from the focus (source) or hypocenter. The epicenter is the location on the Earth's surface, directly above the focus.

The shaking of the ground causes liquification of the soil causing damage to buildings and structures, power, and gas lines. Earthquakes produce vertical and horizontal ground motion.

Seismographs indicate that there are two main types of seismic waves. One of the waves, surface waves (L), travel along the outer part of Earth. Waves that travel through the Earth are called primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. P waves are “push-pull” waves (compress and expand). S waves “shake” the materials at right angles to the direction of travel. Since gases and liquids do not respond elastically to changes in shape, S waves are unable to pass through. Surface waves move in an up-and-down and side-to-side motion (which is very damaging to the foundation of structures). P waves arrive first at a recording station, then S waves, then surface waves. These waves travel at different speeds because each waves behaves differently as it travels through the earth.

Differences in density and elastic properties influence the velocity. Each wave also has different amplitudes, thus causing the greatest destruction. S waves amplitude are a bit less than L waves and P waves are the weakest. The difference in velocity between P and S waves helps scientists to determine the location for the epicenter.

Destruction from an earthquake can also be affected the they magnitude of the quake and its distance to a populated area. Destruction can also be based on how the buildings were constructed. The amount of structural damage will be based on the intensity and duration of the earthquake Also, the nature of the material upon the structure rests, and the design of the structure. Soft ground will aplify the vibrations more than a solid bedrock. Thus an earthquake that takes place in a city located over a firm foundation of granite will suffer less damage than one above a soft, unconsolidated sediments.

Earth Quake Damage

Earthquake Damage

An Earthquake is a vibration of Earth produced by the release of energy (for example in the slippage of a transform boundary, vertical displacement in the forms of waves, horizontal movement). This energy radiates out in all directions from the focus (source) or hypocenter. The epicenter is the location on the Earth's surface, directly above the focus.

The shaking of the ground causes liquification of the soil causing damage to buildings and structures, power, and gas lines. Earthquakes produce vertical and horizontal ground motion.

Seismographs indicate that there are two main types of seismic waves. One of the waves, surface waves (L), travel along the outer part of Earth. Waves that travel through the Earth are called primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. P waves are “push-pull” waves (compress and expand). S waves “shake” the materials at right angles to the direction of travel. Since gases and liquids do not respond elastically to changes in shape, S waves are unable to pass through. Surface waves move in an up-and-down and side-to-side motion (which is very damaging to the foundation of structures). P waves arrive first at a recording station, then S waves, then surface waves. These waves travel at different speeds because each waves behaves differently as it travels through the earth.

Differences in density and elastic properties influence the velocity. Each wave also has different amplitudes, thus causing the greatest destruction. The difference in velocity between P and S waves helps scientists to determine the location for the epicenter.

Destruction from an earthquake can also be affected the they magnitude of the quake and its distance to a populated area. Destruction can also be based on how the buildings were constructed. The amount of structural damage will be based on the intensity and duration of the earthquake Also, the nature of the material upon the structure rests, and the design of the structure. Soft ground will aplify the vibrations more than a solid bedrock. Thus an earthquake that takes place in a city located over a firm foundation of granite will suffer less damage than one above a soft, unconsolidated sediments.

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Summarize earthquake processes in terms of epicenter, focal mechanism, distance, and materials, and the role various factors play in the amount of damage caused by an earthquake.

An Earthquake is a vibration of Earth produced by the release of energy (for example in the slippage of a transform boundary, vertical displacement in the forms of waves, horizontal movement). This energy radiates out in all directions from the focus (source) or hypocenter. The epicenter is the location on the Earth's surface, directly above the focus.

The shaking of the ground causes liquification of the soil causing damage to buildings and structures, power, and gas lines. Earthquakes produce vertical and horizontal ground motion.

Seismographs indicate that there are two main types of seismic waves. One of the waves, surface waves (L), travel along the outer part of Earth. Waves that travel through the Earth are called primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. P waves are “push-pull” waves (compress and expand). S waves “shake” the materials at right angles to the direction of travel. Since gases and liquids do not respond elastically to changes in shape, S waves are unable to pass through. Surface waves move in an up-and-down and side-to-side motion (which is very damaging to the foundation of structures). P waves arrive first at a recording station, then S waves, then surface waves. These waves travel at different speeds because each waves behaves differently as it travels through the earth.

Differences in density and elastic properties influence the velocity. Each wave also has different amplitudes, thus causing the greatest destruction. S waves amplitude are a bit less than L waves and P waves are the weakest. The difference in velocity between P and S waves helps scientists to determine the location for the epicenter.

Destruction from an earthquake can also be affected the they magnitude of the quake and its distance to a populated area. Destruction can also be based on how the buildings were constructed. The amount of structural damage will be based on the intensity and duration of the earthquake Also, the nature of the material upon the structure rests, and the design of the structure. Soft ground will aplify the vibrations more than a solid bedrock. Thus an earthquake that takes place in a city located over a firm foundation of granite will suffer less damage than one above a soft, unconsolidated sediments.

plate movement Can cause

Volcanoes are formed by eruptions of lava and ash when magma rises through cracks or weak-spots in the Earth's crust. A build up of pressure in the earth is released, by things such as a plate movement which forces molten rock to exploded into the air causing a volcanic eruption.

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Causes

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Consequences

Earthquake damage

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volcanoes

Earthquake damage

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