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Resource Reliance (Food security (Measuring food security (MICs have lots…

- - - - Climate
      - Length of seasons
      - Soil
      - Water stress
      - Diseases
      - Pests, insects and bacteria
    - - Poverty
      - Technology
      - Conflict
      - Over-farming
  - - - Negative checks—lower fertility rate, abstinence, increased cost of food
      - Positive checks—increase in death rate eg. famine, war and disease
  - - - Four components
        
        Undernourishment
        
        Child wasting
        
        Child stunting
        
        Child mortality
    - - China has a lot of meat and produce
      - India has more sugars and fats, and dairy and eggs
- - - - Population increased from 2Bn in 1927 to 7Bn in 2011
      - More people creates a higher demand for:
        
        Food
        
        Water
        
        Energy
        
        Shelter
        
        Space
        
        Jobs
        
        etc.
    - - As global income increases, so does the demand for:
        
        More varied food
        
        Bigger housing
        
        More luxuries
        
        More travelling
        
        All of these rely on resources
      - The spiral of consumption suggests that natural resources, food, water and energy spiral rapidly as population and income increase and global resources decline so that access of resources per person also declines
    - - Industrial revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
        
        » people earned more money through using machinery and new resources
        
        » could afford better food and live longer
      - As technology improves and poulations grow, there is a need for people to access more remote locations
        
        Increases access to resources
        
        Increases demand for construction materials and transportation
        
        Accounts for over 40% of all energy use worldwide
      - Increase in 2nd and 3rd sector jobs
        
        New technology increases demand for new resources
        
        eg. electronics, robotics
        
        More mobile devices than people
        » increased use of finite materials
        
        Global food and industrial manufacturing has had to increase in order to satisfy demand
        » uses more resources
  - - - Agriculture
        
        Especially irrigation
      - Industry
        
        Cooling machinery
        
        Food and drink manufacture
        
        Energy production
      - Domestic
        
        Drinking
        
        Washing
    - - Blue water: fresh water from lakes
      - Green water: from precipitation
      - Grey water: polluted or recycled water
    - - Rising population
      - Industry and agriculture
      - Economic development
      - Lack of rainfall
      - Climate change
      - Generating electricity
  - - - Population growth
      - Consumption per person is also increasing
      - Changes in diet
        
        Much higher global demand for meat
        
        Economic development
        
        Can afford to eat more meat
        
        Grain is grown to feed animals rather than humans
        
        7kg of grain to produce 1kg of beef
        
        4kg of grain to produce 1kg of pork
        
        Inefficient energy transfer
        
        Requires more water
        
        25 gallons = 1lb of wheat
        
        2400 gallons = 1lb of meat
        
        Half of all water in the US goes to animal agriculture
        
        Bad for the environment
        
        More greenhouse gases than all vehicles combined
        
        Methane release by cattle and rice farms
        
        Nitrous oxide from fertilised fields
        
        Carbon dioxide from cutting rainforests
- - - - Farmers grow food and animals to feed their families
    - - Usually highly mechanised, farms produce crops and animals to sell for a profit
      - Mechanisation: the introduction of machines, replacing work done by human and/or animal labour
      - Intensification of agriculture: getting more produce from the same amount of space
        
        Removal of hedges to create large fields
        
        The use of fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides
        
        Genetically modified seeds
    - - Increasing farm size
        –deforestation and habitat destruction
      - Destruction of hedgerows —loss of habitats and species
      - Pollution of field and water sources from chemicals
      - Overcultivation and overgrazing removes nutrients from the ecosystem
      - Monocultures—fields used only for one species and all other eradicated, reduces biodiversity
      - No fallow period—reduction of soil nutrients over time
      - Eutrophication
    - - Subsistence—only producing enough goods to meet your own basic needs, with no extra to trade
      - Mechanisation—the process whereby machinery is introduced to complete work normally done by hand
      - Eutrophication—The process of excessive nutrients building up in water sources
  - - - Leaching of soils
      - Increased surface run-off and soil erosion
      - Reduction in agricultural productivity
      - Increases the risk of floods and landslides
    - - Led to the world's largest ever wildfires in 2015 in Indonesia—over 5000km2 ablaze
        
        More CO2 was released than by the entire US in a year
  - - - No jobs are available for young men
      - eg. Palawan, Philippines
    - - Aims to protect reefs by working with local communities
      - Provides schools and education programs for communities
      - Provides funding for the foundation and jobs in tourism
    - - Institute and monitor safe catching limits
      - Place controls on secondary catches
      - Protect key habitat areas
      - Change enforcement protocols
      - Know what you are eating
    - - eg. cod, tuna
      - Also the accidental death of other unplanned species
        
        eg. dolphins caught by mistake in large nets, coral reefs snagged by deep trawlers
      - Stocks migrate away
        » fishing boats have to travel further
        » more diesel is used for fuel
        »water pollution, increase in fossil fuels
- - - - It gets 30,000 visitors each year
      - It is the 3rd most popular tourist attraction in the Northumbria Tourist Board area
      - This tourism creates jobs for local people and can expand and develop local businesses
    - - The water drives two turbines which operate generators producing 6,000 kilowatts of power
      - The profits are shared between Northumbrian Water and the Central Electricity Generating Board
    - - £80Mn wind-farm has been proposed