Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Cognition (Nature/Nurture Issue (Twin and adoption studies (Stronger…

- - - - Includes organizing, understanding, and
        communicating information to others
      - Dual process theory
  - - - Have a picture-like quality
      - Interactions with mental images similar to
        interactions with physical objects
  - - - ideas that represent a class or
        category of objects, events, or activities
        
        Formal concepts
        
        concepts that are defined by
        specific rules or features
        
        Natural concepts
        
        concepts people form as a result
        of their experiences in the real world
    - - a concept that closely matches the
        defining characteristics of that concept
        
        Prototypes develop according to exposure a person
        has to objects in that category
- - - - Unfortunately, humans aren’t as fast as computers and need some other way to narrow down the possible solutions to only a few
    - - When the solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind
    - - are specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types
        of problems
- - - - General intelligence → g factor
        
        Ability to reason and solve problems
      - Specific intelligence → s factor
        
        Ability to excel in certain areas
    - - Believed reason, logic, and knowledge were all different
        aspects of intelligence
        
        believed there were more aspects/abilities still
      - Proposed nine types of intelligence
        
        Started with seven, but later added two more
        
        Visual/spatial
        
        Logical/mathematical
        
        Movement
        
        Interpersonal
        
        Musical
        
        Intrapersonal
        
        Verbal/Linguistic
        
        Naturalistic
        
        Existentialist
    - - Creative intelligence
        
        the ability to deal with new and different
        concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
      - Practical intelligence
        
        the ability to use information to get along in
        life and become successful; “street smarts”
      - Analytical intelligence
        
        the ability to break problems down into
        component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
    - - Initially proposed two types of intelligences
        
        Crystalized intelligence
        
        represents acquired knowledge and skills
        
        Fluid intelligence
        
        problem solving and adaptability in unfamiliar
        situations
      - Later added more abilities and organized them into
        hierarchical model
- - - - Earlier editions also had verbal score and performance score
    - - WAIS (adults)
      - WISC (children)
      - WPPSI (preschool & primary)
- - - - the tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
    - - the degree to which a test actually
        measures what it’s supposed to measure
  - - - the process of giving a test to a large group of people that represents kind of people for whom the test is designed
    - - scores from the standardization group
  - - - Deviation IQ scores - a measure of intelligence that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of about 15
  - - - Test-writers have their own cultures/backgrounds
      - Their cultures/backgrounds could influence them in ways
        they’re not even aware of
- - - - They correlate because they measure similar things!
- - - - Only applies to variation within a group of people
      - Does not apply to individual people
  - - - Implied causal relationships about race, intelligence, and
        socioeconomic status
    - - Ignored cultural and environmental factors
      - Fundamentally misunderstood heritability
      - Assumed IQ is the same thing as intelligence