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Chapter 6 (Cellular structure (Eukaryotic (Has a nucleus and is bigger (10…

- - - - Nuclear envelope; seperates nucleus from cytoplasm
        
        Pore complex regulates entry and exit of protein , RNA and macro molecules
        
        Lined by nuclear lamine; net like array of protein filaments maintain nucleus shape by mechanically supporting nucleus envelope
      - Has a double membrane
      - Nucleus matrix; Framework of protein in nucleus interior
        
        Nucleus matrix and nuclear lamine help organize genetic material (function efficiently)
        
        DNA organized into chromosomes each chromosomes has 1 long DNA molecule with many protein
        
        Protein can hel[ coil DNA to fit in nucleus
        
        Chromatid; makes up chromosome
        
        When cell not dividing appears as a diffused mass and chromosomes cannot be distinct thicken when getting ready to divide
      - Nucleolus (non-diving nucleus) joined by chromatid
      - Nucleus directs protein synthesis by using mRNA then transport to cytoplasm through the pores
        
        Ribosomes translates mRNA message into primary structure of specific polypeptide
        
        Ribosome made out of ribosomals RNA and protein
        
        Carry out protein sythesis
        
        More ribosomes high rates of protein systhesis
        
        Free ribosomes; protein made usually for cytosol
        
        Bounded ribosomes; insertion of ribosomes to membranes, packaging or export secretion
        
        High of bounded ribosomes for high secretion
      - Endomembrane system
        
        Nuclear envelope, diff vesicles and vacuoles and plasma membrane
        
        Does synthesis of protein, transport proteins in to membrane and organelles or out. Metabolism, movement of lipids and detoxification
        
        Connected physically continuity or vesicles (sacs made of membrane)
    - - Cis face located near ER fused (transport vesicles to move materias)
      - Trans face (opposite side)
      - Make macromolecules, membranes may be altered, stacked memebranes and cisternae having hundreds, manufacture and refine product in stages
    - - Acidic environment, inactive b/c neutral pH
      - made and including hydrolytic made rough ER ---> Golgi
        
        some from trans face
      - 3D shape protects vunrable bonds to be attack by enzyme
      - Carry out interacellulat digestion
        
        Phagocytosis; engulf unicellular or food particles
        
        Food vacuole are formed
        
        Digestion production; simple sugars, amino acids and other monomers
        
        pass into cytosol and become nutrients
        
        Autophagy; recycles own organic material
        
        damage organelle is surrounded by cytosol surround by double membrane and lysosomes enzymes fuse onto outer layer
    - - selective transfer solutes
      - Food vacuoles made by phagocytosis
      - Contracile vacuoles; pumps excessive water out
      - Plant vacuoles;
        
        Large made smaller ones main repository, plant cell gets bigger when absorbing water
        
        Small contain stock piles and can store poison
    - - Theory endosymbiont
        
        Evolution eukaryotic would consume prokaryotic
        
        Both autonomous
        
        double membrane
        
        both circular DNA
      - Matrix; enclosed by inner membrane; some of the steps of respiration
    - - Thlakoid stacks known as granumn and the fluid outside is stroma
    - - use oxygen to break fatty acids
      - Glyoxysines found in fat storing tissues of plant seeds
    - - Grow from centromes (near nucleus)
        
        pair of centrioles
    - - Cilia recieves signals
  - - - Important with cells who exchange a lot of protein
- - - - Most renaissance used light microscopes
  - - - 0.2 micrometer or 200 nanometers (finest detail)
- - - - Super resolution; wide spread view small as 10-20nm
- - - - Able to isolate organelles to study specific ones.
- - - - Diffusion spread out into the available space more to less. (concentration gradient)
        
        Passive transport no energy
        
        Facilitated solution; protein pass with no energy required
        
        Ion channels function as gated channels
        
        Osmosis;
        
        Active transport;
        
        Combination of forces acting on ions called electron gradient
        
        To transport a protein that generate voltage across membrane called electrogenic pump
    - - Exocytosis;a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
      - Endocytosis; capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell
    - - synthesis of membrane components and their orientation in the membrane. The cytoplasmic (orange) face of the plasma membrane differs from the extracellular (aqua) face. The latter arises from the inside face of ER, Golgi, and vesicle membranes
      - Toncity; surrounding solution to make cell lose or gain water
        
        Osmoregulation; control solute concentration and water balance
    - - Transport protein
        
        Some channel protein
        
        Like water (aquaporins); 3 billion (3*109) water molecules per second
        
        glucose transporter very selective not even fructose can pass
    - - Integral proteins
      - Peripheral proteins
    - - CO2, and O2, are hydrophobic,(interior)
        
        Doesn't allow direct passage
- - - - Carry out protein sythesis
      - More ribosomes high rates of protein systhesis
      - Free ribosomes; protein made usually for cytosol
      - Bounded ribosomes; insertion of ribosomes to membranes, packaging or export secretion
        
        High of bounded ribosomes for high secretion