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Changes for workers and women (The Munich Putsch and its aftermath …
Changes for workers and women
Changes in living standards
Living standards improved after 1924, brought about by government funding and policies
*Standards of living
-Wages and work
-Working hours reduced
-wages rose
-working conditions improved
-Hyperinflation made employment insecure
-well-off Germans resented seeing workers benefiting
Unemployment insurance
-3% of workers earning were deducted to be put towards insurance that would give them a basic amount of benefits if they became unemployed or sick
Housing
-15% rent tax was introduced t fund building associations
-Between 1925-1929, 101,000 homes were built
-There was still a housing shortage but things had improved
Women at work
-Some of the gains in equality brought about by the war were lost
-Most women gave up work after they married. There was a drop in women working from 75% in 1918 to 36% in 1925
-Few women secured high-status jobs
-There was an increase in part-time jobs
-Some professions, like teaching and medicine, offered new opportunities to women
-women were encourages to go to universities
Women at leisure
-Greater earning power led to more independence for younger, single women
-Women were less interested in marriage and family and more interested in having a good time
-The behaviour of 'new women' was not liked by some men and women who felt traditional values were eroded
Women in politics
-Women earned the vote in 1918 -90% turned out at elections
-Article 109 of the constitution stated that women had equal rights with men and could enter professions on an equal basis
-Marriage was an equal partnership
Cultural changes 1924-29
A variety of factors led to a rise in cultural changes and experimentation in Germany between 1924-29. The main driving force in art and cinema was the movement called Expressionism
Art
-Weimar artists pained everyday life so everyone could have access to their art
-They wanted to make art that commented on problems in German Society
-Their style of work was called Expressionism which was concerned with raw emotion, the seedier side of everyday life and confronting the disaster of the First World War.
-Artists like Otto Dix and George Grosz were influential to the movement, as was Paul Klee
Cinema
-Films became popular all over the world in the 1920s
-Expressionism flourished in film-making, particularly in Weimar Germany due to fewer restrictions
-Some German films were very new and exciting in how they challenged traditional cinema
Architecture
-New designers and architects challenged traditional ideas and practices in buildings and interiors
The Bauhaus school
-Set up in 1919 by architect Walter Gropius
-Groupius wanted to bring together all disciplines(Art, architecture, design, typography, sculpture etc,)
-The school attracted many talented artists and designers
-Their ideas challenged traditional styles that had been popular before the war
-Their approaches looked radical compared to what had come before
Hitler and the early growth of the party
-Hitler was born in Austria in 1889
-Moved to Munich in 1913 and became obsessed with all things German
-Fought in the First World War
-His experiences confirmed his view that Germany had a special destiny
-Shocked by Germany's defeat and the outcome of Treaty of Versailles
Hitler and the early DAP/NSDAP
-1919-
Hitler joined the DAP (The German Worker's Party)
1920
-Hitler was second command of the DAP
-1920
-In August the DAP changed its name to Nationalist Socialist German Worker's Party
-1921-
Hitler took over control of the Nazi Party from Drexler
Hitler's early political career
-DAP was set up by Anton Drexler in Feb 1919 in Munich. Hitler joined in Sept 1919
-DAP set up permanent headquarters, Hitler became second in command
-Hitler suggested a new name for the party
(NSDAP) Nazi Party for short
-July 1921 Hitler became leader of the Nazi Party
-Hess,Goering,Streicher and Rohm were selected as some of his party supporters
The 25-point programme
-The nazi programme, written by Hitler and Drexler in 1920, included the following points
-Increase pensions for elderly
-Nationalise industries
-Get rid of the Treaty of Versailles
-Everybody should have a job
-Build up Germany's armed forces
-Only German races may be members of the nation. No jew may be a citizen
-Expand Germany across new territory to feed people and to settle surplus population
-All citizens should have equal rights and duties
-Every hard working German to have the chance of higher education
-State must protect mothers and infants, stop children working; make laws for compulsory support
The Sturmabteilung (SA)
-The stormtroopers were a paramilitary force made up of unemployed ex-soldiers.
-Formed in August 1921 by Hitler and put under command of Ernst Rohm
-Wore brown uniforms and were nicknamed 'Brownshirts'
-Used to disrupt opposition meetings and to control crowds and any opposition to Hitler-often violently
The Munich Putsch and its aftermath
-Hitler attempted to overthrow the Weimar Gov in Nov 1923
-Known as Munich Putsch
Reasons for Munich Putsch (Long Term)
-'Stab in the back'
-Reparations
-The loss of Germany's colonies
-Resentment of Weimar Gov, particularly by the Bavarian Gov
Medium Term
-Hitler was influenced by Mussolini's right-wing party in Italy- The Fascists
-Mussolini marched on Rome in 1922 forcing the democratic gov to accept him as leader
Short Term
-Hyperinflation
-French troops entered Ruhr in 1923 and took over German businesses
-Hitler thought that he had support
The events of the Putsch
-8 Nov 1923-
Hitler with 600 SA entered a beer hall in Munich where the Bavarian Gov were meeting.
-At gunpoint Hitler forced Gov leaders to support him
-Rohm took over local police and army headquarters
-Lundendorff behind Hitler's back let the Gov leaders go
9 Nov 1923-
Hitler gathered with 1000 SA and 2000 volunteer supporters and marched on Munich town centre to declare himself president of Germany
-The group was met by state police
-Someone opened fore and there was chaos
-Lundendorff, Rohm and Streicher were arrested
11 Nov 1923-
Hitler was found hiding at a fiend's house and was arrested
Consequences of the Putsch
-Short term the Putsch was not good for Hitler
-He was in prison and the NSDAP was banned
-The Putsch had failed miserably because of lack of support.
-Long term the consequences for Hitler were positive and the NSDAP
-Hitler used his trial to publicise his views
-He used his time in prison to write Mein Kampf (My struggle).This book became a bestseller when published-it outlined his political ideas and in particular his views on jews
-The events of the Putsch made Hitler realise that the party needed to rethink its tactics and be more organised in order to win sport nationally, using violence and force wasn't enough
Bamberg Conference 1926
-Hitler organised this conference to address splits between the socialist and nationalist wings of the Nazi movement
-Hitler's power as leader was secured and his vision of Nazism taken forward