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population and ecosystems :recycle: (plant in relationship to their…
population and ecosystems :recycle:
the structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
the physical size and shape
of organisms
life forms
temporal structure
changes an ecosystem undergoes
shorts a day
or seasons
or decades
plants change
with season
as do other organisms
species the bloom
early spring
form fruits
during summer
mature seeds
tropical ecosystems
winter and summer
don’t exist
alternation of
wet seasons
dry seasons
species composition
number and diversity
of species
that coexist
in ecosystem
trophic levels
feeling levels
each ecosystem contains
members
autotrophs
primary producers
first step on food web
energy and nutrient supply
eaten by
primary consumers
which are eaten by
secondary consumers
herbivores
decomposers
fungi
bacteria
break down remains of organisms
plants photosynthesize
energy
energy flow
carbon flow
concepts
ecology
study of organisms
in relationship to all aspects of their surroundings
same species together
form
population
when coexisting with other organisms
community
with living and nonliving
ecosystem
plant in relationship to their habitats
abiotic components of the habitat
climate
important to all organisms
different components
temperature
average temp is important
lowest winter temp
highest summer temp
rainfall
relative humidity
winds
growing season area
killing frost spring/autumn
length of growing season
depend on
sufficient photosynthesis
growth development
reproduction
soil factors
too much water
roots drown
lack of oxygen
between low and high extremes
tolerance range
soil is formed by the breakdown of rock
first plan to invade
pioneers
thick soil
distinct soil profile
three layers
the highest layer is
A horizon
consists of
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breaksdown
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latitude and altitude
higher latitudes
north or south
longer
days in summer
winter nights
sun is only rarely overhead
near mid summer
sun is low
light strikes earth obliquely
less energy per square meter
high altitudes
high winds and poor soil
not fully shielded by
ozone
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water vapor
disturbance
are phenomena
fires
dry ecosystems
fallen leaves and twigs
decay
debris build up
living plants
waxy cuticle
water proofing resins
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start by lighting
the soil in enriched
minerals in the ash
ideal site for pine seedlings
prairies grasses
benefit from fires
the dead portions burn
releasing minerals
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landslide
snow avalanches
floods
change ecosystem
fast
affect abiotic factors directly
biotic components of the habitat
the plant itself
modifies the habitat
this may be
beneficial
detrimental
neutral
pine forest
forest floor is shaded
pine seedlings
need full sunlight
do not grow well below the canopy pines
pine trees
modify habitat
other plant species
if interaction is beneficial
mutualism
if it is disadvantageous
competition
competitive exclusion
which mean
species less adapted
is excluded
adapted to a particular set of conditions
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long term result
species modification
by natural selection
various subpopulations
ecotypes
to test if they exist
transplant experiments
organisms other than plants
important biotic aspects
animals
herbivores
process
herbivory
grazing
eating herbs
browsing
eating twigs and leaves
fungi
pathogenic
prokaryotes
plants and animals
relationships
mutualism
seeds dispersal
by fruit eating animals
frugivores
commensal relationships
one species benefits
the other is unaffected
birds in trees
predation
one species benefits
the other is harmed
habitat
are organism completes life cycle
pollinators are important
operational habitat
affect plant species
components
abiotic
biotic
migratory animals
habitat components
winter area
summer area
migration routes
plant portions that are migratory
spores
pollens
fruits
seeds
vegetative propagules
small herbs on the forest floor
do not influence large trees
has little affect on
mineral nutrition of the trees
their pollination
the structure of of populations
geographic distribution
boundaries of the geographic range
one factor determines
health of plant
limiting factor
local geographic distribution
random distribution
no pattern
crumpled distribution
spaces are not average
only small or large
uniform distribution
evenly spaced
zones established
release of chemicals
allelopathy
allelochemics
age distribution demography
populations responds to
age distribution
demography
number of individuals
in population
carrying capacity
generation time
biotic potential
r-and K-selection
r-selection
r-related species
annual
shrubby and small
K-selection
bristle cone
cone pines