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CANCER (CANCER DIAGNOSIS (Tumor marker identification (Analysis of…

- - - - NX
        
        Regional lymph nodes cannot be clinically assessed
      - NO
        
        No abnormality of regional lymph nodes and no metastases
      - N 1, N 2, N 3
        
        Regional lymph nodes demonstrate increasing degrees of abnormality
      - N 1 a
        
        Used ti indicate the absence of metastases
      - N 1 b
        
        May indicate that there are metastases in the nodes
    - - M X
        
        presence of distant metastases
      - M O
        
        No evidence of metastases
      - M 1, M 2, M 3
        
        Ascending degrees of metastases present, this will include metastases to distant lymph nodes
    - - iS
        
        Carcinoma in situ
      - T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4
        
        Progressive increase in the size of the tumour
      - Primary tumour cannot be assessed
      - TO
        
        No evidence of primary tumour
- - - - Young embryonic type cells present
      - Cells are poorly differentiated with large numbers of normal and abnormal mitotic figures
      - Cells do not resemble parent cells, these are too abnormal to perform any physiologic function
      - Anaplastic cells present
      - May secrete hormones if they arise from glandular tissue
      - The cells are not homogenous and they easily disintegrate and migrate within the organ, they metastasise
    - - May remain in situ but grow by infiltrating and destroying surrounding tissue
      - Proliferate and grow in adverse conditions such as lack of nutrients and loss of cell structure
    - - Cell growth is erratic and dependent on the level of differentiation, the growth is faster if the tumour is aplastic
      - Spontaneous regression of the tumour may occur but this is rare
    - - thus facilitating easy invasion of surrounding tissue by the cells,
      - the surgical removal of the tumour is made difficult by the absence of the capsule
      - The cells are not confined within a fibrous capsule
    - - Tumour cells are usually able to spread to surrounding tissue during surgery making recurrence a common feature
    - - Tissue damage is often extensive as the tumour grows rapidly and encroaches on blood flow and blood supply to an area
    - - Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and cell type;
      - evidence of metastatic spread indicates poor prognosis
    - - If growth is not controlled the tumour usually causes death