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Biochemistry (Eukaryotic (cell division by mitosis (complex flagella…
Biochemistry
Eukaryotic
Nucleus
membrane enclosed organelle
chromosome in pairs
streaming in the cytoplasm
cell division by mitosis
complex flagella
larger ribosomes
complex cytoskeleton
cellulose in cell walls
DNA bound to histone proteins
Prokaryotic
No nucleus
no membrane enclosed organelles
single chromosome
No streaming in the cytoplasm
Cell division without mitosis
simple flagella
smaller ribosomes
simple cytoskeleton
No cellulose in cell walls
No histone proteins
Cell fractionation
takes cells apart & separates major organelles
centrifuge
spins test tubes holding mixtures
resulting force causes a subset to settle components at the bottom
lower speeds consists of larger components
enables researches to perform specific cell components in bulk
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
Types of microscopes
Light Microscopy (LM)
Brightfield (unstained specimen)
light passes directly
unless specimen & pigmented
Brightfield (stained specimen)
staining with various types
cells must be killed
Phase- contrast
density in specimen is amplifies to enhance contrast
examining living, unpigmented cells
Differential interference contrast ( No marski)
optical modification are used to exaggerate different in density
3-D
Deconvolution
removes out-of-focus light
reassigns it to its source
confocal
eliminates out-of-focus light from a thick sample
single plane
Fluorescence
locations are revealed by dyes or antibodies
some have it on their own
absorb ultraviolet radiation & emit visible light
Super-resolution
light up individual fluorescent molecules
record position
Organelles structures & functions
Animal cell
plasma membrane
outer covering of cell
plant cells it is present below the cell wall
Nucleus
inner most, centrally located organelle
control center
Ribosomes
complex that makes protein
Golgi apparatus
Secretion
active in synthesis
modification
sorting
Microvilli
increase cells surface area
Lysosome
Macromolecules are hydrolyzed
Mitochondrian
cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
Peroxisome
metabolic functions
produce hydrogen peroxide
converts it to water
Cytoskeleton
reinforces cell shape
centrosome
microtubules are mitiated
contains a pair of centrioles
Flagellum
composed of a cluster of microtubules
in some animal cells
Plant cell
Nucleus
chromatin
nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic channels
cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Chloroplast
converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy
sugar molecules
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
makes proteins
Mitochondria
ATP is generated
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
microfilaments
Cell wall
outer layer that maintains cells shape
protects cell from mechanical damage
Golgi apparatus
Membrane protein Functions
Transport
spans the membrane
hydrophilic channel
Enzymatic activity
A protein built into the membrane
Signal transduction
binding site with a specific shape
chemical messenger
Cell-cell recognition
glycoproteins serve as identification tags
intercellular joining
membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together
ECM
elements of the cytoskeleton are non-covalently
coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes
Diffusion
isotonic; no net movement of water between cell and environment
hypertonic is the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of solute
hypotonic is the side of the membrane with a lower concentration of solute
In hypertonic water leaves the cells
cell becomes shriveled
osmosis is cells with a cell wall
plant cells
bacteria
fungi
osmosis; water molecules across a membrane
mostly of a living cell
The relationship between the conc. of solutes on either side of the membrane is referred to as fonicity
passive transport of molecules from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
Types of active transport
Endocytosis
phagocytosis
engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it
packaging within a membranous sac ( food vacuole)
pinocytosis
"Gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles
infoldings of the plasma membrane
molecules dissolved in the droplets
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
enables bulk quantities of specific substances
Embedded n the plasma membrane are proteins with receptor sites
After ingested material is liberated, emptied receptors are recycled
recycled to the plasma membrane
Electron Microscopy (EM)
Scanning electron Microscopy
Show 3-D image of the surface of a spicemen
shows the surface of a cell from a tarchae
covered with cell projections called cilia
usually white and black unless dyed
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Profiles a thin section of a specimen
tracheal cell, revealing its internal structure
surface area vs. volume ratio
Cell increases in size, surface area grows proportionately less than its volume
Area is proportional to a linear dimensions squared
Volume is proportional to the linear dimension cubed
smaller object has a greater ratio of surface area to volume
help microscopic size of most cells & shape
Ratio is important in cells that exchange material
Membrane Structure
Maintain boundaries of the cell
support contents of the cell
proper cell to cell contact
entry & exit of molecules
phospholipid layer
integral membrane proteins
globural proteins
some proteins may be enzymes or glycoproteins
animal cells contain cholesterol molecules
water soluble substances