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Chapter 6 and 7 (Concept 6.1: Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry…

- - - - electron microscope (EM) is a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
        
        scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a microscope used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
        
        transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a microscope used to study the internal structure of cells
        
        cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another
- - - - prokaryotic cells are when the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not a membrane-enclosed called the nucleoid
        
        cytoplasm is in eukaryotic cells and is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
        
        plasma membranes functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell
- - - - nuclear lamina is a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.
        
        chromosomes are structures that carry the genetic information
        
        chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
        
        nucleolus is a prominent structure within the non dividing nucleus
        
        ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins and are cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
- - - - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
        
        smooth ER is where the outer surface lacks ribosomes
        
        rough ER is studded with robosomes on the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough through the electron microscope
        
        glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
        
        transport vesicles are vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
        
        golgi apparatus is the place transport vesicles travel to after they leave the ER
        
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- - - - endosymbiont theory states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell
        
        cristae is where the outer membrane is smooth but the inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings
        
        mitochondrial matrix is enclosed by the inner membrane
        
        thylakoids are inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
        
        granum are the stacks; thylakoids that are stacked like poker chips,
        
        stroma is the fluid outside the thylakoids
        
        peroxisome is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
        
        plastids are where the chloroplast is a specialized member of the family of closely related plant organelles
- - - - microtubules reside in eukaryotic cells and are hollow rods constructed from globular proteins called tubulins
        
        centrosome is a region that is often located near the nucleus
        
        centrioles are each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
        
        flagella is a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion
        
        cilia is a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells
        
        basal body is structurally very similar to a centriole
        
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- - - - the middle lamella is a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins
        
        the secondary cell wall is between the plasma membrane and the primary wall
        
        the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a mix of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cells
        
        collagen forms strong fibers outside the cells
        
        proteoglycans are molecules that consist of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached so it may be up to 95% carbohydrate
        
        fibronectin is a glycoprotein and other ECM proteins bind to the cell-surface receptor proteins called integrins
        
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- - - - fluid mosaic model is the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
        
        integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer
        
        peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all
        
        some are covalently bonded to lipids forming molecules called glycolipids
        
        most are covalently bonded to proteins which are glycoproteins
- - - - passive transport is the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane
        
        osmosis is the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane, whether artificial or cellular
        
        tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
        
        isotonic means there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane
        
        hypertonic is where the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and die
        
        hypotonic is where water will enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell and lyse like an overfilled water balloon
        
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- - - - membrane potential is the voltage across a membrane
        
        electrochemical gradient is a combination of forces acting on an ion
        
        electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
        
        proton pump is the main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria
        
        cotransport is an analogous to water that has been pumped uphill and performs work as it flows back down