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Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (populations (individuals of the same…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
populations
individuals of the same species
self-sterile plants
sexual reproduction
pathogenic fungus'
fires
rarely stable
community
multiple populations in an area
ecosystems
the physical, nonliving environment
additional levels of interaction and complexity
structure
metabolism
diversity
fire in West Texas
buffalos could have eaten the fuel
fire consumed all kinds of plants
trees
cacti
agaves
yuccus
native plants
Plants in Relationships to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
critically important to all organisms
temperature
extremes
lowest winter temps
highest summer temps
tropics
frost-free zones
rain forests
california
oregon
washingotn
adequate rain
freezing winters
winter dormancy period
vernalized
being able to bloom
rainfall
relative humidity
winds
growing season
determined by last, severe killing frost
spring
fall
must be adequate for
photosynthesis
growth
development
reproduction
moisture
occurs as
rain
snow
hail
can damage
leaves
buds
flowers
animals
amount of precipitation
can change the ecosystem
tolerance range
the range between extreme highs and lows
summer highs
over 100F
winter lows
under -40F
Soil Factors
pioneers
first plants to invade new soil
must tolerate severe condition
nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes
lichens
cynobacteria
angiosperms
root nodules
horizon
A horizon
uppermost layer
zone of leaching
B horizon
middle layer
zone of deposition
C horizon
bottommost layer
parent rock
rock fragments
essential elements are recycled
repeatedly
Latitude and Altitude
latitude
effects photoperiod
longer days/nights
#
little soil regions
#
Alaska
Canada
altitude
high mountain tops
poor soil conditions
not shielded from
ozone layer
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water vapor
Disturbance
#
fires
common in dry environments
layers of thick debris
lightening storms
plants become
fire resistant
and seeds evolve
lodgepole pines
jack pines
grasses
prairie grasses
in Midwest
saw grasses
in Florida
landslides
snow avalanches
floods
man-made
insecticides
herbicides
hunting
habitat destruction
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
habitat modification
beneficial
deterimental
neutral
low light
mature trees
create perfect environment
for their seedlings
beech
oaks
glaciers
leave poor soil
moraines
Dryas
root nodules
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
willows
firewood
Other Plant Species
possibility for interaction
mutualism
#
beneficial for both individuals
competition
disadvantages to either individuals
limited supply of resources
light
soil
water
pollinators
seed dispersers
competitive exclusion
less adapted species are kicked out
a species overlaps its tolerance range
predation
killing of prey
insectivorous plants
venus fly trap
parasitism
killing of the host
mistletoes
decomposers
fungi
protists
prokaryotes
niche
set of conditions
that a species is particularly adapted for
ecotypes
a subspecies specialized in response
to particular ecosystem factors
transplant experiments
plants move from one site to another
common garden
determines stressers
Organisms Other Than Plants
animals
fungi
prokaryotes
interralationships
ants and Acacias
#
frugivores
commensal relationships
one is benefitted, the other is unaffected
birds nest in trees
predation
one benefits, one is harmed
herbivores
browsing
deer
giraffe
grazing
sheep
cattle
pathogenic
kills the plants by disease
may also be mutualistic
mycorrhizal fungus
habitat
set of conditions where an organism completes life cycle
winter
summer
migration routes
plants cannot migrate
but parts of a plant can
spores
pollen
fruits
seeds
vegetable propagules
operational habitat
all components with known effects or not
redwoods in California
understory shrubs
play a big part
in seed germination
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of Geographic Range
limiting factor
#
sole factor that determines the health of the plant
light
carbon dioxide
applies to interactions in habitat
water
heat
pollinators
Local Geographic Distribution
random distribution
no obvious pattern to positions
no predictable value
clumped distributions
small or large spaces between plants
organic fertilizer
uniform distributions
evenly spaced from neighbors
orchards
tree plantations
allelochemics
the inhibition of allelopahty
purple salvias
Age Distribution: Demography
when a population responds
to various factors in its habitat
fundamental aspects
doubling of offspring
rate of population
generation time
uses generations, not years
time from birth to birth of offspring
affects rapidity of population growth
intrinsic rate of natural increase
offspring that make more offspring
biotic potential
r
carrying capacity
k
r- and k- selection
#
population growth limited by
biotic potential
carrying capacity
r selection
#
pioneer plants
r-selected species
annuals
shrubby perennials
need distubances
some are predictable
man-made
k selection
k-selected species
redwoods
douglas firs
bristle-cone pines
avalanches
suitable for r-species
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic structure
size and shape of organisms in relation to each other
trees
shrubs
herbs
life forms
surviving stress
Temporal Structure
changes in an ecosystem over time
days
decades
seasons cause change
Species Composition
number and diversity of species that coexist
climate
mild
rich soils
stressful
poor soils
habitat partitioning
creates more niches
Trophic levels
feeding levels
primary producers
autotrophs
energy and nutrient supply
#
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores that eat herbivores
decomposers
#
fungi
bacteris
energy flow
carbon dioxide is released back into atmosphere
carbon flow
minerals flow too
pyramid of energy
