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Reputation (Reputation in adolescence (Concerned with reputation (Peer…

- - - - Interview study with autistic 12-15 yrs
      - Some evidence for reputation concerns
      - Would like to be accepted for being who they are
- - - - 10 wk period w/ poster - eyes vs. flowers
      - Effect of eyes on behaviour
      - Eyes = automatic triggering signal to be aware of reputation
      - Donate more with eyes
      - Presence of pair of eyes increased donations to a university coffee collection
    - - Children + eye effect
      - Sharing task
      - Eyes = no effect (indirect monitoring)
      - Direct monitoring - experimenter watching = avoid trouble more than anything
    - - Do young children manage reputation?
      - 5 yr olds help or steal, when watched or when alone
      - Shape sticker sheet - either need another sticker or the other person needs another sticker
      - Steal when unobserved, help when observed
      - Engaging in reputation management
      - Chimps don't care
    - - Kelsey et al (2018)
      - Study 1
        
        3 + 5 yrs open box with flower or eyes and your toy erasers
        
        Can she if want to
        
        5 = shared more but this was not significant (and no differences between conditions)
        
        Neither group influenced by eyes
        
        Testing effect of realistic eyes
      - Study 2
        
        Explicitly aware of eyes
        
        3 yr olds randomly assigned to eyes, mouth or flowers
        
        'Exposure' phase then 'matching game'
        
        Sharing game with stickers
        
        Children shared sig. more stickers in eyes condition
        
        Not fully automatic but there is an eyes effect
      - Watching eyes paradigm - more prosocial in presence of eyes
  - - - 3-6 yrs: rate drawings once when artist present vs absent
      - 6 = change rating to flatter confederate
      - Change ratings more if know confederate
      - Existing relationships + interactions therefore more beneficial to reputation to be flattering (social context)
      - Manipulate communications according to context - not just articulate true feelings bluntly
- - - - Self presentation theory
      - People attempt to present a particular image when observed - strategic
    - - Children's understanding of self presentational display rules at 5 yrs
      - Stories and questions
      - Understanding display rule - showed from which faces/emotions chosen
      - 5 = understand + get right answers
    - - Alosie-Young (1993)
      - 6-10 yrs: tell children at another school about themselves 3 times
      - Baseline, goal-directed condition, enhanced goal directed condition
      - From age 8 = self presentation - change what they are saying between conditions
  - - - Guessing game with 3-5 yr olds
      - Based on peaking paradigm
      - Half told they had a positive reputation to maintain
      - 5 yr old = less likely to cheat if they have positive reputation
      - Drawing attention to reputation = sig. therefore 5 yrs are aware of the meaning
- - - - For cooperation
      - Reputation for being cooperative = more likely to be selected as partner in future
      - Cooperating in groups may aided evo by increasing foraging gains
      - Survival of the fittest
  - - - Effort made to maintain/obtain desired reputation
      - Self presentation impression management, impression formation
    - - Intrinsic desire to fit in/fear of what others think?
        
        Rochat et al (2012)
        
        2 yrs attempts to adjust to perceived norms
        
        Mirror task
        
        Create norm of having sticker on forehead, didn't reach up to touch own sticker
        
        Try and fit in with perceived norms - avoid punishment of violating + keep reputation
      - Develops later as we learn norms?
        
        Hepach et al (2012)
        
        2 yr olds help because they genuinely care
        
        Not because they want a better reputation
        
        Helping behaviour
      - Timeline
        
        Development as a whole
        
        Executive function, object permanence
        
        Theory of mind (4yrs - implicit at 15 mnths)
        
        Helping and cooperation (14 - 24mnths)
        
        Self-recognition (18 -24mnths)
        
        Self conscious emotions - guilt and shame (4-7yrs)
        
        Form sense of self
        
        Interactions with others + understanding others
- - - - Implicit = no sig. difference - neither group changed on being observed
      - Explicit = suggests reputation management in autism as more high scores are saved